HIGHLIGHTS Low LCOE is achieved due to extreme low cost of perovskites in tandem PVs Further improving tandem module lifetime and efficiency reduces LCOE LCOE decrease rates are used to measure the research efforts

No abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play important roles in extracellular matrix remodeling during the process of tumor invasion and metastasis. However, little is known about their role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in ESCC was detected in our research. Tissue microarray chip was prepared, consisting of 58 cases of ESCC and corresponding esophageal epithelium tissues. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were examined by immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was found in ESCC (42.1 and 60.3%, respectively), compared with paired distal normal esophageal tissues (22.9 and 8.9%, respectively). Expression of MMP-2 in ESCC was significantly associated with the tumor invasion depth, tumor-node-metastasis stages, and lymph node metastasis. MMP-2 and MMP-9 may play important roles in carcinogenesis, and MMP-2 may act as a biological marker of invasion and lymph node metastasis in ESCC.