Comprehensively improving the quality of teaching is the highlight of current higher education. Also, it meets the basic needs of China’s current transformation into a country for strong education. Mathematics is one of the most important subjects in education these days, which is widely applied in research, social life, and understanding various science theories and laws. Hence, improving the quality of teaching mathematics in colleges becomes an important task in modern college teaching. In particular, the wireless integration of information has enriched and diversified the teaching methods of higher education. Vigorously promoting the application of wireless network technology in mathematics teaching is not only an effective way to solve the insufficient supply of educational resources but also a bold attempt to innovate the mathematics teaching mode in colleges and universities. Firstly, this work proposes an IACO-BP (improved ant colony optimization-based backpropagation) network to evaluate teaching quality for higher level mathematics in a wireless network environment. It improves the traditional ant colony optimization algorithm from three aspects, namely ant colony pheromone adaptive volatility coefficient, pheromone iterative elite selection strategy, and population iteration, adding a variation factor to construct IACO. Then, we use IACO to optimize initial weight and threshold to solve the issue of BP network’s falling into local optimum and improve network performance. Secondly, this work puts forward a series of countermeasures for the construction of mathematics teaching system in colleges. The correctness and superiority of the proposed strategy are verified by comparing the mathematics teaching quality in colleges before and after using the proposed strategies. Various aspects of mathematics teaching, such as teaching objectives, teaching content, and teaching process, are evaluated before and after using these strategies. These features are improved by a significant margin, up to 2.6%, after applying the proposed strategies.