Two kinds of hydroxyapatite (HA) with different nanocrystal morphology were obtained via a simple aqueous precipitation method under different reactants molar ratios. Under Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67/1, rod-like crystal was produced, while under Ca/P molar ratio of 1.80/1, spherical crystal was produced. The spherical crystal was 40-60 nm in diameter, while the rod-like crystal was 40-55 nm in diameter and 79-100 nm in length. The influence of HA nanocrystal morphology on osteoblasts growth was assayed by MTT method and SEM. The results indicated that there was a significantly higher absorbency value on the surface of HA with spherical crystal in MTT assay than the latter. In the process of SEM observation, it is found that osteoblasts spread out a large quantity of nano-filopodias on spherical crystal surface, thus exhibiting much more active cell morphology. In conclusion, HA with spherical nanocrystal showed more favorable properties than that with rod-like one for osteoblasts.

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WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that are profoundly involved in regulation of plant development and stress responses. In this study, we totally identified 11 WOX transcription factor family members in cucumber (Cucumis sativus, CsWOXs) genome and classified them into three clades with nine subclades based on phylogenetic analysis results. Alignment of amino acid sequences revealed that all WOX members in cucumber contained the typical homeodomain, which consists of 60-66 amino acids and is folded into a helix-turn-helix structure. Gene duplication event analysis indicated that CsWOX1a and CsWOX1b were a segment duplication pair, which might affect the number of WOX members in cucumber genome. The expression profiles of CsWOX genes in different tissues demonstrated that the members sorted into the ancient clade (CsWOX13a and CsWOX13b) were constitutively expressed at higher levels in comparison to the others. Cis-element analysis in promoter regions suggested that the expression of CsWOX genes was associated with phytohormone pathways and stress responses, which was further supported by RNA-seq data. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the evolution of cucumber WOX genes and improve our understanding about the biological functions of CsWOX family.

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