This paper presents the development of an electromagnetic (EM) tracking system that consists of a pyramid field generator (PFG) of five excitation coils and a sensing coil for location and orientation estimation. The system measures the induced electromotive forces (EMF) of the sensing coil with the change of the magnetic field contributed by the PFG. The proposed modeling distributed magnetic flux (DMF) method that divides the multi-turns sensing coil into multiple layers and concentric circles for the distributed elements is utilized to determine EMF induced in the sensing coils for investigating the effects of translational and angular displacement. The finite element analysis numerically verifies the DMF method and validates the Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based estimation models. The calibration and ANN-based estimation process are applied to inversely estimate the location and orientation of the sensing coil based on the DMF method and the experimental EM tracking system. The proposed design and a prototype of the EM tracking system have experimentally verified the DMF method and showed the validity of the location and orientation estimation.

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