No abstract

In this study, whole chloroplast genomes of five Salix species (S. argyracea, S. dasyclados, S. eriocephala, S. integra 'Hakuro Nishiki', and S. suchowensis) were sequenced. These chloroplast genomes were 155 ,605, 155, 763, 155, 552, 155, 538, and 155 ,550 bp in length, harboring 131 genes (77 unigenes), 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 86 mRNA genes, respectively. The genes ycf1, psaI, ycf2-2, rpoC2, rpl22, atpF, and ndhF were under positive selection among the 21 Salix species. psaI, ycf2-2, atpF, and ycf1-2 were under positive selection between the tree willow and shrub willow, and rpoC2, rpl22, and ycf1-2 were positively selected among the shrub genomes. The gene rps7 was most variable among the genomes. Phylogenetic analysis of 21 Salix species and Chosenia arbutifolia provide evidence that the cp genome data partially support the relationship with traditional taxonomic concepts in the Flora of China. This chloroplast genome elucidates Salix taxonomy and provides evidence for evolutionary research.

ABSTRACT. Melanoma is a malignant tumor and one of the most frequent metastatic cancers. This study was conducted to identify differential expression genes (DEGs) and single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in metastatic melanoma. We analyzed microarray data of GSE23056 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, including two normal samples (skinN1 and skinN2) and 2 metastatic melanoma samples (skinT and lymphT). We not only compared DEGs in metastatic melanoma samples with normal samples (lymphT_skinN and skinT_ skinN), but also compared DEGs between two metastatic melanoma types (lymphT_skinT). SNVs were identified by using BurrowsWheeler Aligner and Cufflinks in metastatic melanoma samples using RNA-seq. Sequence Alignment/Map tools and the ANNOVAR software were used to analyze and annotate SNVs. We identified 18 significantly common DEGs in lymphT_skinN and skinT_skinN and one common gene, YBX1, in lymphT_skinN, skinT_skinN, and lymphT_skinT. We identified 49,534, 48,118, 63,812, and 33,096 SNVs in skinN1, skinN2, 8154skinT, and lymphT, respectively. Twenty-nine SNVs were located in exonic regions of two DEGs, HLA-B and TSPAN10. SNVs that exist only in tumors were located in MARVELD1, SLC16A3, and VAV3. The DEGs screened in our study are potential biomarkers for metastatic melanoma therapy.