With the rapid growth and extensive applications of the spatial dataset, it's getting more important to solve how to find spatial knowledge automatically from spatial datasets. Spatial co-location patterns represent the subsets of features whose instances are frequently located together in geographic space. It's difficult to discovery co-location patterns because of the huge amount of data brought by the instances of spatial features. A large fraction of the computation time is devoted to identifying the table instances of co-location patterns. The essence of co-location patterns discovery and four co-location patterns mining algorithms proposed in recent years are analyzed, and a new join-less approach for co-location patterns mining, which based on a data structure-iCPI-tree (Improved Co-location Pattern Instance Tree), is proposed. The iCPI-tree is an improved version of the CPI-tree which materializes spatial neighbor relationships in order to accelerate the process of identifying co-location instances. This paper proves the correctness and completeness of the new approach. Finally, an experimental evaluations using synthetic and real world datasets show that the algorithm is computationally more efficient.

Four new polyhydroxylated steroids lobophysterols E–H (1–4), together with three known compounds (5–7), were isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum pauciflorum collected at Xisha Island, China. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with NMR data of structurally related compounds reported in the literature. The absolute configuration of 1–3 was determined by X-ray diffraction. All the compounds have assessed the cytotoxicity against HL-60, K562, and Hela cells. Compound 1 showed weak cytotoxicity against K562 cells with an IC50 value of 19.03 μM. In addition, compound 1 also showed a moderate anti-inflammatory effect in zebrafish.

Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) are popularly used as natural supplement for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety. R. rosea. possesses various bioactivities including anti-oxidation, anti-arrhythmic, anti- inflammatory and especially anxiolytic...

Defining the stages which the reader follows when reading e-resources is one of several factors which can provide significant insights into actual reading behaviours and cognitive processes of readers. Two different samples of students who study in Libyan primary schools, aged 9 to 12, were selected to investigate how students use and interact with both print and digital school books, identify the e-reading process, outline the aims of using the internet and technology, and define what students like and dislike in both versions. Furthermore, students found using the e-textbook to be more difficult than paper book and a significant difference is found in the reading process between paper books and electronic books. In addition, two reading strategies were used to read school book in both versions (electronic and paper): (1) view the text then answer the questions, or (2) view the questions than search for the correct answers.

Smilax glabra Roxb (SGR) has been widely applied alone or in combination with other Chinese herbs in heart failure (HF), but its mechanism and protective effect have not been investigated. We aimed to explore the mechanism and protective effect of SGR on the treatment of HF. Network pharmacology analysis predicted that SGR was involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, oxidation–reduction process, apoptotic process, ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, MAPK cascade, etc. Its mechanism was mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, cardiac muscle contraction, etc. Subsequently, SGR was proved to improve cellular viability, restore cellular morphology, suppress cellular and mitochondrial ROS production, improve H2O2-induced lysosome inhibition, attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction, and protect mitochondrial respiratory and energy metabolism in H9c2 cells. SGR activated the p38MAPK pathway by decreasing the mRNA expression of AKT, PP2A, NF-KB, PP2A, RAC1, and CDC42 and increasing the mRNA expression of Jun, IKK, and Sirt1. SGR also decreased the protein expression of ERK1, ERK2, JNK, Bax, and Caspase3 and increased the protein expression of p38MAPK and Bcl-2. In addition, Istidina at the highest degree was identified in SGR via the UHPLCLTQ-Orbitrap-MSn method, and it was suggested as anti-heart failure agents by targeting SRC with molecular docking analysis. In conclusion, SGR has a protective effect on HF through cellular and mitochondrial protection via multi-compounds and multi-targets, and its mechanism is involved in activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Istidina may be possible anti-HF agents by targeting SRC.