Significance Meiotic crossover recombination is required for faithful chromosome segregation and promotes genetic diversity by reshuffling alleles between parental chromosomes. Meiotic chromosomes are organized into arrays of loops that are anchored to the proteinaceous axes. The length of the meiotic chromosome axis is intimately associated with crossover frequencies in yeast and higher eukaryotes. However, how chromosome axis length is regulated in meiosis is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that cohesin regulator Pds5 interacts with proteasomes to regulate meiotic chromosome axis length by modulating ubiquitination. This regulatory mechanism also includes two ubiquitin E3 ligases, SCF (Skp–Cullin–F-box) and Ufd4. These findings identify a molecular pathway in regulating chromosome organization and reveal an unexpected function of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in meiosis.

Objective: Patients with diabetes mellitus with comorbid depression are at an increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Studies have suggested a positive association between depression and diabetic retinopathy (DR), but the evidence has not been systematically summarized. Therefore, the aim of the study was to perform a meta-analysis to investigate the correlation of depression with DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies through January 7, 2017. Fixed-effects and random-effects models were used to calculate overall odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine whether the association was affected by adjustment for confounders or by age of study population. Results: A total of 11 cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies were included in the analyses, with 34,185 individuals involved. Overall, patients with depression were at a significantly elevated risk of development of DR (fixed-effects OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.39-1.63; random-effects OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.35-1.84). The association did not vary by adjustment for confounders. However, a slightly larger pooled estimate was observed among studies with a mean age of <60 years (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.46-2.07) than those with a mean age of ≥60 years (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.16-1.75). Conclusions: Depression was significantly associated with an increased incidence of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the existing literature does not yet definitely document that whether depression contributes directly or indirectly to incident DR. Further prospective investigations identifying high-risk subgroups are warranted.

In the paper, new route to acetylene were described to use coal and precrushed limestone powder t o produce CaC2 and also plasma reactor design were shown. N e w route to acetylene has developed proprietory techniques using pulverized coal and limestone t o proi3uce calcium carbide i n a reactor w i t h plasma jets. AI the reactor temperature > 22OO0C, coal and Limestone fuse t o form calcium carbide, and then this is reacted with water produced acetylene, and a slag of calcium silicate and silicon dioxide that is reused.Significant advantage over coke and CaO based roLite: * The system produces no effluent Coal and limestone as raw material (isn't CaO). Clean fuel gas (H2, CO ... 1 that can be burned t o provide heat for electricity generator. Calcium hydroxide can be treated with salt t o give caustic soda and calcium chloride b y products. PULSE AND POWER THREE-PHASE PLASMA GEhERATORS, POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS. Rutberg Ph.G., Kolikov V.A., Bogomaz A.A., Safronov A.A. Institute of Problems of Electrophysics Russian Academy of Sciences 18, Dvortsovaya ennb., St. Petersburg, Russia Polovtsev I.S. Scientific Utilization, Inc. 3216 Sexton Rd Decatur, Alabama, 35603 USA It is well known that plasma pulse generators are used widcly in scientific investigations and in industrial technologies. The main spheres of plasma generator application are enumerated in this work. Simplified construction of pulsc plasma generator with coaxial electrode system is presented. Typical oscillograms of the discharge current, voltage drop on the arc, the pressure in the discharge chamber, power chart of the arc and other physical processes in the arcs of the pulse plasma generators arc shown The following parameters of plasma and current discharge pulses were obtained in the process of investigations: the discharge currentup to 2 MA. energy contributionup to 10 MJ, maximum discharge powerup to 2x10'' VxA, time of discharge -5 -2000 ps, pulse pressure in the discharge chamberup to 600 MPa; average mass temperaturefrom 2x103 up to lo4 K. Estimation results of electron concentration le which is equal to (2 -4)x10I9 ~m~~, at the inijial atoms concentration of (lo2'-3x10Z2) cm3, estimations of conductance and arc's temperature, equal to (0.6 -1 .O)xlOs K In some cases for analogous problems the use of the systems, working in stcady regimes, is required. Three-phase single chamber plasma generators are considered to be quite perspective for solving this problcms Two types of plasma ;generators are analyzed: the first type is intcnded for inert gascs, nitrogen and hydrogen heating, w i t h electrodes made from composite materials on the basis of tungsten, working in the pressure range of 0.1 .. 0.6 M.Pa, at the gas flow rate (N2) o f 0.01 kg/sand stream temperature T = 2000 -6000 K and at power of (0.1 -50) MW and up to 80 M W in the short term regime (3-5) s with the thermal efficiency of (60 -85)%. The second typc of generators is to be used with air and other oxidizing media. Plasma generators with the power of (60 -500) kW with thc pipe coppe...