Grain shape and size are key determinants of grain appearance quality and yield in rice. In our previous study, a grain shape QTL, qGS1-35.2, was fine-mapped using near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from a cross between Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) and Milyang 46 (MY46). One annotated gene, OsPUB3, was found to be the most likely candidate gene. Here, knockout and overexpression experiments were performed to investigate the effects of OsPUB3 on grain shape and size. Four traits were tested, including grain length, grain width, grain weight, and the ratio of grain length to width. Knockout of OsPUB3 in NILZS97, NILMY46, and another rice cultivar carrying the OsPUB3MY46 allele all caused decreases in grain width and weight and increases in the ratio of grain length to width. Results also showed that the magnitude of the mutational effects varied depending on the target allele and the genetic background. Moreover, it was found that NILZS97 and NILMY46 carried different functional alleles of OsPUB3, causing differences in grain shape rather than grain weight. In the overexpression experiment, significant differences between transgenic-positive and transgenic-negative plants were detected in all four traits. These results indicate that OsPUB3 regulates grain shape and size through a complex mechanism and is a good target for deciphering the regulatory network of grain shape. This gene could be used to improve grain appearance quality through molecular breeding as well.

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