Rice stripe virus, transmitted by the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, has recently reemerged as a major disease in Zhejiang province, eastern China. Intensive surveys during 2003 to 2006 demonstrated how the disease has spread rapidly from the northern to central and eastern regions with increasing incidence each year. In bioassays, the highest proportions of viruliferous vectors were from regions where the disease was most severe. The greatest disease incidence was in the earliest sown plants, and substantial control could be achieved by delaying planting from late May to mid-June. In experiments where different proportions of infected plants were established (by inoculation or varying the sowing date), average yield losses were 0.8% for every 1% increase in disease incidence. In inoculation experiments, young seedlings, particularly those at the three- to five-leaf stage, were the most susceptible, whereas ≤1% of plants inoculated at or after the elongation stage developed symptoms. Recent epidemics appear to have resulted from large populations of viruliferous vectors colonizing rice seedlings at the most susceptible stage. This is probably because of changes in cropping practice, recent warmer winters in Zhejiang province, and the development of resistance or tolerance to the insecticides widely used (triazophos, synthetic pyrethroids, and Imidacloprid).

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