Jean-Pierre Desclés et Zlatka Guentchéva : How to determine the meanings of the French « passé composé » by means of contextual exploration? Having given precise definitions of aspectual primitives (resulting state, inferential state, event...), the authors examine the effects of contextual environments on a semantic interpretation of the French « passé composé » by means of heuristic rules. It is argued that the invariant meaning of French « passé composé » is a complex value: "resulting state - event". To solve this semantic indétermination, a general method, known as Contextual Exploration, is used: different contextual occurrences of linguistic markers such as adverbial expressions, discourse relations, meanings of verbal predicates. . . contribute to determining the interpretation of this tense in context.

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This paper discusses the phenomenon of clitic doubling as it is manifested in formal Bulgarian. It presents certain properties of clitic doubling constructions, including some rules describing clitic placement, examining the distinction between the object constituents in initial and final position on the one hand, and between clitic doubling and “left-dislocated” constructions on the other. On this basis, it then scrutinizes the interaction of clitic doubling with constituent order and information structure.

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This article is a wide-ranging study of the passive in the broadest sense of the term. The authors postulate a reduction of the argument and study the passive in its relations with the active, the reduction of the agent and the problem of aspect. The predicate passive is given attention, situated in the general expression of voice.