Az elmúlt három évtizedben a hazai munkaerőpiac jelentős változásokon ment keresztül. A rendszerváltás, az Uniós csatlakozás, a különböző foglalkoztatási és munkahelyteremtési programok egyaránt nyomot hagytak a hazai munkavállalói statisztikákban. Tanulmányunkban az elmúlt időszak két nagy gazdasági válságát és azok hazai munkaerőpiacra gyakorolt hatásait elemezzük, regionális perspektívából. A vizsgált munkanélküliségi ráta változásának szakaszai, ennek okai megmutatták, hogy a két válság különböző módon, mértékben és ideig volt hatással az egyes térségek foglalkoztatási helyzetére.

The aim of regional development and planning, as defined in the 1996 Spatial Development Law, is to promote social and economic growth and reduce significant economic and infrastructure disparities. Its role is to support community initiatives to this end, with a particular emphasis on promoting the catching up of lagging regions, reducing unemployment and supporting the regeneration of industrial and agricultural businesses. This legislation enabled the creation of the Free Enterprise Zones in Hungary in 2013. The list, which has been extended twice since then, currently includes 1202 municipalities. Municipalities belonging to the zones create a favourable environment for investment, and businesses that invest and create jobs in the area can benefit from corporate tax relief and contributions payable by employers and are eligible for EU funding. According to the hypothesis of our research, the number of jobseekers in the municipalities of FEZs (compared to other municipalities) has decreased significantly, while the number of enterprises has increased. Furthermore, counties with a higher proportion of FEZ municipalities were presumed to have received more EU funds. To demonstrate this, we examined the labour market processes within FEZs due to the effects of their inclusion in the zones. Drawing on official labour market and business-related regional statistics, the analysis takes a regional perspective and seeks to focus on temporality. The database contains data at the level of municipalities (registered jobseekers, public employees, active enterprises, number of employees, subsidies) for the period under study (2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020). In addition to labour market processes, a further focus of the analysis was the inclusion of the SME sector to uncover mutually positive effects. According to the findings of our research, the positive impact on labour market processes cannot be clearly justified, whereas for the enterprises, inclusion in the zone induced positive effects. A positive effect was also found in terms of average staff numbers. The results show that the use of development aid is more effective for enterprises operating within the zones than in other parts of Hungary.

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Changing economic circumstances and technological advances are having an impact on the economic and social role of universities. Nowadays, university students, teachers and researchers are coming up with more and more innovative ideas, but they are unable to put their results into practice because of their lack of entrepreneurial skills. University incubators are specialised business incubators that create a link between university, business, and government, generating a significant impact on the local economy. In our research, we have highlighted the aspects that may be most relevant to the operation of 48 incubators in the world and analysed their performance. The comparative analysis allowed the creation of a standard model and the presentation of its success factors.

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