In the newborn and infancy periods HH can be either congenital or secondary to certain risk factors (such as intrauterine growth retardation) [ 4 ]. Congenital HH involves either defects in the genes ABCC8 and KCNJ11 (encoding for the 2 proteins SUR1 and KIR6.2 of the pancreatic β-cell K ATP channel, respectively), or abnormalities in the enzymes glucokinase, glutamate dehydrogenase and Short Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (SCHAD) [ 5-10 ]. Mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 have been reported to account for 1/3 rd to 2/3 rd of the causes of congenital HH in large series of patients [ 11 , 12 ]. Mutations in GLUD1 are the second commonest cause, responsible for approximately 5 % of patients. Other known genes altogether account for less than 4 % of patient with congenital HH [ 11 , 12 ]. Loss of function mutations in the genes ABCC8 and KCNJ11 cause the most severe forms of HH, which is usually medically unresponsive. Histologically, HH can be classifi ed into 2 broad categories: diff use (aff ecting the whole pancreas) and focal (localised to a single region of pancreas) disease [ 13 ]. Recent development, fl ourine-18F 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine position emission tomography (18 F-DOPA-PET) scan, helps to diff erentiate focal from diff use disease and accurately localises the focal lesion preoperatively [ 14 ]. With the advent of 18 F-DOPA-PET scan and laparoscopic surgery, the clinical approach has changed dramatically.

This study designed to determine the chloroform concentration in drinking water in Baghdad city. Thechloroform concentration specified into drinking wter into four portions per a week along two weeks in eachmonth for three months of this study (August, October and December) , 2008 each portion has two samples,so the total number be 48 drinking water samples (sixteen samples per month as an equal portions for eachproject and district).Four projects of water supply filtration stations were selected in Baghdad city, two of them were in Kerkhside (include Qadissia water supply project and Al-karama water supply project). The other two projects inthe Rusafa side, include Al-wahda and Al-Wathba water supply projects. In addition to the citizen districthouses as Al-Qadissia, Al-Otayfia, Al-Karrada and Bab Al-Muathem respectively.The chloroform concentration was determined by the use of the Gas Chromatographic (GC) in thelaboratories of the general technology state for water treatment which belongs to the Ministries of Scienceand Technology.The results revealed the concentration of drinking water in Baghdad city by chloroform, comparison ofthese results between each others revealed that the citizen district houses gave high average of chloroformconcentration than the projects along the period of this study.According to the statistical data analysis it was found that the results in August were the highest andsignificantly transcend (p < 0.05) than the results reported in October and December in all the drinkingwater project and citizen district.On other hand it was noticed that the Wathba project and Bab Al-Muathemdistrict houses significantly transcend (p < 0.05) than other water drinking projects and citizen districtsin theaverage mean along all month of study.In addition, the statistical data analysis found out a strong forward relation ship between the decreasechloroform concentration and decrease of temperature degrees whenever going to the cold season of theyear, in all the water drinking project and citizen district.

This study was designed to investigate the correlation of various stress factors (PH, moisture contents, temp., and soil texture) on the ability of E.coli OI57:H7 to persist on/in soil on a dairy farm reared under field conditions at the college of Agriculture /University of Bagdad. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in soil samples was determined for the period January to June 2012. The surface kinetics of E.coli O157:H7 onto the soil (surface kinetics), were theoretically achieved by dividing the farm into 3 zones starting from the fens (Z1),5m, and 10 m (Z5, and Z10, respectively) from the farm in three direction (right, left and rear of the farm) . While the depth kinetics were achieved by taking soil samples from the surface (D0), and at depths of  5, and 10 cm (D5, and D10  respectively) from each zone in the three directions. Nine soil samples (200g) were collected in plastic bags for each distance of 1, 5, and 10m from the farm for each depth of zero (surface), 5 and 10 cm at weekly basis. Sub sample (100g) was made for physicochemical assays. The other subsample was analyzed for E. coli OI57:H7. In conclusion, the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil examined, PH, moisture %, sand%, and clay % showed either no consistent or weak correlations with the prevalence of E.coli O157:H7 at the dairy farm reared under field conditions. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 found in this study are far greater than what would likely be found on a dairy farm in other countries; this is a critically important fact considering that, under natural conditions, even a low level of contamination of E. coli O157:H7 with a low infective dose could present a human health hazard.

A total of 143 samples of meat were examined in this study, theserepresents 67 samples of locally minced meat, 31 samples of importedminced meat and 45 samples of imported chicken meat. The samples werecollected from different areas of Baghdad city during the period fromJanuary till May 2006.Detection, isolation an enumeration of E.coli 0157:H7 were carried out.The result revealed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in theisolation percentage and the microbial counts of E.coli 0157:H7 whencomparing the three types of meat. The highest prevalence were found in thelocally minced meat (80% ; 1.6 x 107 cfu/g) Followed by the importedminced meat (65% ;5.9x106cfu/g) and finally chicken meat(56%; 2.7 x 106 cfu/g).