ab s t r ac tClosed circuit desalination of Mediterranean water with 47.5±1.5% recovery was demonstrated in the RO energy range 1.85-2.25 kWh/m 3 for the respective flux range 6-18 lmh with head element recovery of 7.0±0.5%.

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A B S T R A C TExperimental trials of seawater desalination under closed-circuit desalination conditions are described with a unit comprising four modules, each of four Qfx-SW-400-ES nanoH2O elements, with seawater feed in the cited (parentheses) ranges of salinity (33,801-37,197 ppm), flux (9.2-13.4 lmh), recovery (42-53%), and temperature (15.0-18.4˚C). The normalized results of this study revealed specific energies in the range of 1.453-1.775 kWh/m 3 and permeates in the range of 379-682 ppm. The lowest energy trial in the series of 1.453 kWh/m 3 with permeates of 682 ppm is observed with feed of 35,329 ppm at flux of 9.2 lmh flux and 47% recovery, and this energy is the lowest ever recorded for Ocean seawater desalination. The highest energy trial in the series of 1.775 kWh/m 3 with permeates of 548 ppm is observed with feed of 33,913 ppm at flux of 12.3 lmh and 53% recovery. In comparison with SWC6 elements in the same unit, the experimental data with the Qfx-SW-400-ES nanoH 2 0 elements reveals 8-12% lower energy consumption and permeates of 2-3-fold higher TDS.

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