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In sti tute of Ge og ra phy, Rus sian Acad emy of Sci ences, Staromonetnyi per. 29, Ab stract-The ar eas of distribution, high pest damage, and mass re pro duc tion of Ital ian lo cust are mainly limited by cli ma tic fac tors. It is dem on strated that un der con di tions of the RCP4.5 mod er ate scenario of anthropogenic im pact on the global cli mate sys tem in Rus sia in the 21st cen tury the cli ma tic range of Ital ian lo cust will be ex panded mainly north ward and, to a smaller ex tent, east ward. The ex pansion of the range by the mid dle of the 21st cen tury as com pared with the end of the 20th cen tury will be more sig nif i cant that at the end of the 21st cen tury ver sus its mid dle.

This study investigates the thermal and structural properties of multilayer composites based on chitosan (CS) and polyanions with different functionalities, including sodium sulfoethyl cellulose (SEC), sodium alginate (ALG), and sodium hyaluronate (HA). Unlike polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) obtained by polymer mixing, the formation of a PEC layer by a process of layer-by-layer deposition of oppositely charged polymers is accompanied by the transformation of the CS polymorphic state, and this affects the relaxation and thermal properties of the resulting multilayer composite. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the formation of the PEC layer in the CS/SEC multilayer film is accompanied by crystallization of the CS chains and the formation of a predominantly anhydrous CS modification. Thermogravimetric analysis of the CS/SEC film registers a high-temperature peak associated with the thermal decomposition of crystalline CS in the PEC composition. According to the dynamic mechanical analysis, the CS/SEC composite was characterized by a single glass transition temperature, indicating a strong interaction between the layers when using SEC (a strong acid salt) as the counterion to CS. For multilayer composites with weak polyacid salts (ALG and HA), the crystallization of CS in the PEC layer is weaker, as reflected in the thermal degradation of these films. A high-temperature peak is recorded in the thermal decomposition of CS/HA and is absent in the case of CS/ALG. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the CS/ALG composite showed two glass transition temperatures close to those of the original polymers, indicating weak PEC formation. The CS/HA composite showed an intermediate response. Thus, the effect of the PEC layer on the properties of the poly-layer composites decreases in the order CS/SEC > CS/HA > CS/ALG.

<p>In this paper we explore the millennial oscillations (or Hallstatt cycle) of the baseline solar magnetic field, total solar irradiance and baseline terrestrial temperature detected from Principal Component Analysis of the observed solar background magnetic field. We confirm the existence of these oscillations with a period of 2100-2200 years with the similar oscillations detected in carbon 14C isotope abundances and with wavelet analysis of solar irradiance in the past 12 millennia indicating the presence of this  millennial period among a few others. We also test again the idea expressed in our paper Zharkova et al, 2019 that solar inertial motion (SIM) can cause these millennial variations because of a change of the distance between the Sun and Earth. In this paper we use the S-E distance derived from the current JPL ephemeris, finding that currently starting from the Maunder minimum the Sun-Earth  distance is reducing by 0.00025 au per 100 years, or by 0.0025 au per 1000 years.. We present the estimation of variations of solar irradiance caused by this variation of the S-E distance caused by solar inertial motion (SIM) demonstrating these variations to be closely comparable with the observed variations of the solar irradiance measured by the SATIRE payload. We also estimate the baseline temperature variations since Maunder Minimum caused by the increase of solar irradiance caused by the recovery from grand solar minimum and by reduction of the S-E distance caused by  SIM. These estimations show that the Sun will still continue moving towards the Earth in the next 700 years that will result in the increase of the baseline terrestrial temperature by up to 2.5◦C in 2700. These variations of solar irradiance will be over-imposed by the variations of solar activity of 11 cycles and the two grand solar minima occurring in 2020-2053 and 2370-2415 caused by the double dynamo actions inside the Sun.</p>