Молочное скотоводство России должно быть конкурентоспособным на внешнем и внутреннем рынках. Развитие отрасли обеспечивается за счет формирования в различных регионах широкой сети крупных специализированных молочных комплексов, оснащенных современным высокотехнологическим оборудованием, укомплектованных высокопродуктивным скотом и реализующих инновационные технологии производства молока. Формирование маточного стада молочных комплексов осуществляется, как правило, за счет импортного поголовья высокопродуктивного голштинского скота. Исследованиями ряда ученых установлено, что у завезенных из-за рубежа животных отмечают проблемы с адаптацией к иным специфическим условиям содержания. Поэтому изучение адаптационных способностей импортного поголовья представляет научный интерес. Поскольку в каждом регионе увеличивается количество голштинского скота, выращенного в условиях российских ферм и комплексов, является актуальной сравнительная оценка продуктивных и племенных качеств импортных и отечественных коров с учетом происхождения, зоны разведения и возраста. Кроме улучшения условий содержания скота и методов селекционно-племенной работы на молочных комплексах используют современные способы совершенствования рационов кормления животных, в том числе включение в рацион пробиотических добавок. В статье приведены результаты оценки молочной продуктивности импортных (венгерских и датских) и отечественных коров-первотелок разных регионов в условиях современных молочных комплексов с интенсивной технологией производства молока. Установлено, что голштинский скот разного происхождения отличается высокой молочной продуктивностью и хорошей адаптацией к условиям содержания и кормления, а имеющиеся различия в уровне продуктивности, очевидно, связаны с конкретными местными условиями региона и технологией. В ООО «РАО «Наровчатское» удой за 305 дней лактации у венгерских коров-первотелок больше, чем у российских на 13,7 % (р ≤ 0,001), массовая доля жира в молоке на 0,15 % (р ≤ 0,05), а массовая доля белка в молоке на 0,18 % (р ≤ 0,001). В ООО «Грин Агро-Сахалин» у коров-первотелок отечественного происхождения удой был выше на 3,1 %, чем у сверстниц из Дании. Однако, достоверной разности между группами не выявлено. По массовой доли жира и белка в молоке достоверной разности между группами не отмечено. Продуктивный потенциал исследуемого поголовья пока не реализован ни одной группой животных. Использование пробиотического препарата «Ветоспорин-актив» показало, что у коров опытной группы удой за лактацию увеличился на 6,7 % (р < 0,05) в сравнении с контрольной группой. По содержанию массовой доли жира и белка в молоке коров опытной группы достоверных различий не обнаружено. Dairy cattle breeding in Russia should be competitive in foreign and domestic markets. The development of the industry is ensured by the formation in various regions of a wide network of large specialized dairy complexes equipped with modern high-tech equipment, staffed with highly productive cattle, and implementing innovative milk production technologies. The formation of the broodstock of dairy complexes is carried out, as a rule, due to the import of livestock of highly productive Holstein cattle. Studies by a number of scientists have found that animals imported from abroad have problems adapting to other specific conditions of housing. Therefore, the study of the adaptive abilities of imported livestock is of scientific interest. As the number of Holstein cattle raised in Russian farms and complexes is increasing in each region, a comparative assessment of the productive and breeding qualities of imported and domestic cows is relevant, taking into account the origin, breeding zone and age. In addition to improving livestock conditions and breeding methods in dairy complexes, modern methods of improving animal feeding diets are used, inter alia the inclusion of probiotic additives in the diet. The article presents the results of the evaluation of the milk productivity of imported (Hungarian and Danish) and domestic first-calf heifers from different regions in modern dairy complexes with intensive milk production technology. It was established that Holstein cattle of different origin is characterized by high milk productivity and good adaptation to conditions of housing and feeding, and the existing differences in the level of productivity are obviously related to the specific local conditions of the region and technology. In OOO RAO Narovchatskoye (LLC), milk yield for 305 days of lactation in Hungarian first-calf heifers was 13.7 % more than in Russian cows (p ≤ 0.001), the mass fraction of fat in milk was 0.15 % (p ≤ 0.05), and the mass fraction of protein in milk was 0.18 % (p ≤ 0.001). At OOO Green Agro-Sakhalin (LLC), the milk yield of first-calf heifers of domestic origin was 3.1 % higher than that of the herdmates from Denmark. However, no significant difference between the groups was revealed. According to the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk, no significant difference between the groups was noted. The productive potential of the studied livestock has not yet been realized by any group of animals. The use of the probiotic preparation Vetosporin-Active showed that in the cows of the experimental group, the milk yield for lactation increased by 6.7 % (p <0.05) in comparison with the control group. No significant differences were found in the content of the mass fraction of fat and protein in the milk of cows of the experimental group.

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Sand pits have great potential in terms of domestic aquaculture development, therefore assessment of their natural fish capacity is essential in terms of food resources. The assessment of fish capacity by zoobenthos in a sand pit deprived of representatives of ichthyofauna was carried out. It was found out that zoobenthos of a sand pit in the flood plain of the Sura river has not rich species composition that varies considerably by seasons with multiple fluctuations of population number and biomass. At the same time the highest values were observed in June, the productivity of zoobenthos increases with increasing water temperature and decreasing water level. By the number of taxa, the number of population and biomass of fodder zoobenthos the sand pit is inferior to the Municipal water storage basin on the Sura river. Fish capacity of forage zoobenthos of the pit by zoobenthos was 14.42 kg/ha, which was 2-3 times lower than in Sursky and City reservoirs, the natural bed of the Sura river. Due to reclamation works in drained pits it is possible to increase the productivity of zoobenthos. In permanently watered pits the cultivation of benthic fishes is rather limited.

The origin of an animal determines its productive and breeding traits. It is well known that in dairy cattle breeding a great importance belongs to sires, especially those belonging to the leading lines of Holstein breed. The productive indicators of heifers and fi rst-calf cows the off spring of diff erent lines of Holstein breed and daughters of diff erent sires have been presented in the article. The researches have been carried out under the environments of specialized enterprises for rearing of replacement heifers and milk production. Diff erences have been found in the daughters of diff erent sires in terms of live weight and milk productivity. Accounting for the weight growth of the daughters of sires has shown that the live weight of heifers between the lines Wes Ideal 933122 and Refl ection Sovereign 198998 was not a signifi cant diff erence. Daughters of sire # 511H11283 of the line Refl ection Sovereign 198998 in all age periods had a live weight, absolute and average daily gain, the growth rate of replacement heifers was higher than the daughters of other sires. At one year of age, their live weight was higher than that of heifers-daughters of sires # 11H11596, # 11H11565 and # 511H11422, respectively, by 4,1 % (P<0,001), 3,1 % (P<0,01) and 5,0 % (P<0,001). The daughters of sire # 511H11283 of Refl ection Sovereign line also had a higher yield of calves – 104,8 %. However, the largest number of heifers (75,7 %) has been obtained from the daughters of sire # 11H11565 of Refl ection Sovereign line. In terms of milk yield, signifi cant diff erences have been found between the lines and daughters of diff erent sires. Higher milk yield was obtained from the fi rst-calf cows of line Wes Ideal 933122 (12361±321 kg) and the daughters of the sire Mogul 11H011757 (13587±328 kg). According to the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk, the duration of the period of open days and the number of inseminations, there were no signifi cant diff erences between the studied groups of animals. Thus, the infl uence of specifi c sires on individual productive indicators of daughters has been established.

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