The article is dedicated to the 220th anniversary of the founding of the General Surgery Department of the S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. During the time the department was headed by famous representatives of surgery of those times. The representatives of the General Surgery Department made a significant contribution to the development of surgery in our country, subsequently being the heads of surgical departments and medical institutions. Historically, the academic disciplines taught at the department were the primary link in the education program in surgery at the academy. Most of the heads of the department had the experience of participating in military campaigns, which is necessary for education at a military university. Traditionally, the department scientific research were devoted to the study of the wound process, wound infection, combat injuries, oncology, vascular and abdominal surgery. At present, there is currently a continuity in the formation of educational and methodological materials for various categories of students, scientific developments on topical problems of surgery have been going on (4 figs, bibliography: 4 refs).

Relevance. In December 1988, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic suffered a catastrophic earthquake in the area where lived up to 1 million people. The cities of Spitak, Leninakan, Kirovokan, Stepanavan and more than 300 other settlements were totally or partly destroyed. More than 25 thousand people died. The republic lost up to 40% of the production capacity. This Armenian tragedy showed a need for a system of prevention and elimination of natural and technogenic emergency situation. Owing to the experience from elimination of medical and sanitary consequences, main principles of Disaster medicine as a new branch of health care were coined.Intention. To assess retrospectively experience of elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of December 1988 earthquake in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic using forces and assets of the USSR armed forces.Methodology. The scientific literature on mitigation of consequences of earthquakes as indexed in the Russian state library and Scientific electronic library was studied. Personal experience and experience of participation of military-medical experts in mitigation of consequences of Spitak (Armenia) earthquake was analyzed and compared with current aspects of the theory and practice of disaster medicine.Results and Discussion. Delivery of health care to the population was complicated since many medical institutions were destroyed; losses of military-medical service in earthquake area were at least 50–60 %. Soldiers and military physicians of the Transcaucasian military district were the first responders, and the leadership in mitigation of consequences was assigned mainly to the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and its Central military-medical administration. At the same time, more than 111 foreign states provided humanitarian aid. The main idea was to accumulate forces and assets for qualified medical care in close proximity to affected regions with subsequent air evacuation of injured to the cities of Yerevan, Tbilisi, Moscow and Leningrad. Further it became clear that more than 25 thousand people died, over 15 thousand were rescued from ruined buildings, 427 wounded died in hospitals, 140 thousand became disabled, 514 thousand became homeless.Conclusion. The experience gained by the USSR during mitigation of consequences of technogenic and natural disasters of the second half of the 20th century required formation of the Russian Rescue Corps (RRC) as the State committee with the subsequent transformation in the separate Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (Emercom of Russia). To deliver health care to wounded, sick and injured during emergency situations, the All-Russian Service for Disaster Medicine was established with the Service of Disaster Medicine within the Russian Defense Ministry as an important component.

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Abstract. Brief biographical information about Maxim SemenovichSubbotin, the founder of aseptic and antiseptic in Russia, is provided. In 1884, M.S. Subbotin heads the Department of Surgical Pathology at Kharkov University. In addition to scientific and pedagogical activities, he will devote a lot of time to the organizational issues of the clinic. He uses the surgical department of a military hospital as a clinical base for training students at Kharkov University. In addition to the course of surgical pathology with desmurgy, he also conducts a course of surgical surgery, and since 1887, a parallel course of the faculty surgical clinic. However, teaching and scientific work in a small clinic (25 beds) could not satisfy Maxim Semenovich, since by this time he had formed into a major surgeon and scientist, ready for wide surgical and scientific activities. Becoming the head of the Department of Surgical Pathology of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy (1890) M.S. Subbotin began its reorganization according to the requirements of asepsis. He organized a new dressing room, the walls and ceilings of which were painted with light oil paint, the floor is covered with ceramic tiles.An operating unit began to function, consisting of two operating rooms, a sterilization room, a bathroom and a material room. A laboratory was established to conduct research and control operations. The clinic strictly and sequentially carried out sterilization of instruments, dressings, processing of the surgical field. M.S. Subbotin studied the effect of carbolic acid on the body, used it to treat wounds. He created his own tent for operations, invented a sterilizer oven, a catgut sterilizer with dry steam, an autoclave, and hemorrhoidal forceps. M.S. Subbotin invented a drainage pump for the treatment of purulent cavities, first made thoracoplasty with pleural empyema. He introduced aseptic and antiseptic into surgical practice. Created a scientific surgical school: P.I. Bukhman, S.S. Girgolav, L.V. Orlov, N.N. Petrov, N.A. Schegolev and others