that is critical for the transit of signaling endosomes from dendrites to the nucleus. To further investigate the mechanisms regulating dynein-driven transport, we are testing the hypothesis that motility is precisely regulated by cargo-specific effectors. We focused on Hook1, which induces superprocessive dynein motility in single molecule TIRF assays. We used live cell imaging of hippocampal neurons in microfluidic chambers to investigate the role of Hook proteins in endosomal transport along the axon. Hook1 depletion significantly reduced the flux of BDNF-positive signaling endosomes without affecting the overall motility of Rab5-endosomes. These observations indicate that Hook1 acts as a specific dynein effector for signaling endosomes in the axon, and support the model that differential association with cargo-specific effectors allows for organelle-specific tuning of dynein motor function.
Shunt active power filters (APF) are commonly used for the reduction of current harmonics and improvement of the power factor in power systems with nonlinear loads, such as diode rectifiers. A pulsewidth modulation (PWM) power converter constitutes the main component of the APF. The low-order harmonics of the line current are attenuated, but the switch-mode operation of the converter results in electromagnetic interference (EMI) spreading to the grid. Specifically, clusters of harmonics appear in the frequency spectra of voltages and currents of the converter at multiples of the switching frequency. In this paper, transferring the discrete spectral power of those harmonics to the continuous spectral power density is proposed as means for mitigation of the EMI. It is accomplished by randomization of the switching periods using a novel random PWM method (RPWM II). In contrast to the existing random PWM methods, in RPWM II the sampling frequency of the digital modulator is constant and equal to the average switching frequency. Computer simulations and experimental investigation of an APF designed for shipboard power systems are described, and the results are presented. They demonstrate significant reduction of the EMI, a feat achieved at practically no expense.Index Terms-Active power filters (APFs), electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation, random pulsewidth modulation (RPWM).
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