Inheritance of gliadin components in winter wheat has been studied by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Single F2 grains from 36 intervarietal hybrid combinations have been analysed. The genetic analysis has revealed blocks, including 1-6 gliadin components, which are inherited as individual mendelian traits. About 80 variants of blocks have been detected. On the basis of the allelism test they are grouped into 6 series in accordance with the number of known gliadin-coding loci located on chromosomes of the homoeologous groups 1 and 6. Each series includes 8-18 blocks controlled by different alleles of one gliadin-coding locus. Blocks of components have been confirmed to be inherited codominantly in accordance to the gene dose in the triploid endosperm. The highest similarity between members of one series is observed in groups of blocks controlled by chromosomes ID and 6D. On the contrary, many blocks controlled by chromosomes 1A and 1B have no bands in common. The presented catalogue of blocks of components may be used to make up gliadin genetic formulae and to compare electrophoregrams obtained by different authors. Blocks of gliadin components are suitable genetic markers for use in revealing and studying heterogeneity of wheat varieties, in tracing their origin, in identifying recombinations, translocations and substitutions of the genetic material and in solving many other problems of the origin, evolution and selection of hexaploid wheat.

In recent years the Russian Federation is among the world's leading grain producers. The country is considered a world leader in export of wheat. Russian wheat in the world market attracts with its price and quality. How is high-quality wheat flour valued in the domestic market, in multiple shops? To study the problem, there were purchased flour samples in such multiple shops as Magnit, Record and SuperU (France), as well as flour of local production in AO “Uchkhoz Zernovoye” (Zernograd). We evaluated flour quality not only according to the information indicated on the packages, but also there were conducted analysis in our own laboratory (on protein percentage, SDS sedimentation, grain prolamins). The study results showed that protein content in flour was actually more by 0.3–2.9% (except “Farine de ble T-65”), which in terms of grain (cake meal) corresponded to grain of 1–3 class. According to SDS-sedimentation, all flour samples corresponded to the traits of “strong” and “valuable” wheat, except for rye flour and a special product “Pudov (French recipe)”. The gliadins in the studied samples were rated as “good” and “+”, “-”. Consequently, the price of premium baking flour was formed not only due to its quality, but also according to the brand's popularity (“MAKFA”, “Pudov”), according to supply and demand, and it sometimes differs twofold e. g. “Petrovsky niva” costs 22.45 rubles per kg., “MAKFA” costs 42.90 rubles per kg.

ВведениеОзимая пшеница -одна из основных культур, обеспечивающих продовольственную безопасность страны, которая также оказывает влияние и на ее экспортный потенциал [1]. Выведение новых сортов, которые способны формировать высокие и стабильные урожаи с требуемыми технологическими качествами, является одной из главных задач селекции этой культуры [2].Для успешного решения проблемы повышения качественных показателей пшеницы с помощью селекционного процесса необходимо вовлечение в гибридизацию родительских форм с генетически детерминированным высоким качеством зерна [3]. Поэтому выявление образцов озимой мягкой пшеницы как

The study of grain quality at all stages of a variety development, starting with the selection of parental pairs, is the most important condition for the efficiency of breeding. The purpose of the current paper was to estimate winter wheat samples according to the main criteria of grain quality and to select promising ones for further use in the breeding process. The study was carried out in 2019–2021. There were studied new varieties and promising lines of winter bread wheat from the main Competitive Variety Testing, according to green manure fallow. Criteria characterizing grain quality were determined in the laboratory conditions in accordance with methodology and GOSTs. Based on the conducted study, there were identified sources that were characterized by a high severity of grain quality traits. According to ‘grain unit’, there were distinguished such varieties as ‘Matritsa’, ‘Rubin Dona’ and the lines ‘1043/17’ and ‘1582/166’. According to the general kernel hardness there were identified such samples as ‘Matritsa’, ‘Priazovie’ and the line ‘1582/16’. The samples and lines ‘Ermak’, ‘Razdolie’, ‘Rubin Dona’, ‘Matritsa’, ‘Priazovie’, ‘1582/16’, ‘1043/17’, ‘1295/18’, ‘1431/18’, ‘1463/18’, ‘1518/18’, ‘1612/18’ and ‘1895/18’ corresponded to good quality according to SDS-sedimentation. The sample ‘1463/18’ was characterized by a high protein percentage in grain (15.02 %). There were also studied a quantity and quality of gluten, falling number and baking properties. The varieties ‘Rubin Dona’, ‘Matritsa’, ‘Priazovie’ and the lines ‘1582/16’, ‘1463/18’ were characterized by the best expression of the studied traits of quality. These genotypes can be used in the breeding process as sources of high protein and gluten percentage in grain and good baking properties.

В структуре зерновых культур озимая пшеница по площади занимает 74 %, а по валовым сборам-около 80 %. Поэтому зерно пшеницы на Дону, его урожайность и качество-важнейший источник доходов его производителей. Основные посевные площади на юге России заняты современными сортами трех НИИ: «АНЦ «Донской», «НЦЗ им. П.П. Лукьяненко» и ДЗНИИСХ и среди них сорта-лидеры Ермак, Гром, Губернатор Дона. Многие современные сорта озимой пшеницы высевают в межстанционном сортоиспытании в отделе селекции и семеноводства озимой пшеницы АНЦ «Донской», что дает возможность сравнивать их и по качеству, и по урожаю зерна и выявить их отличия и особенности. Анализ аллельного состава проламинов показал, что в сортах краснодарской селекции преобладают аллели, отрицательно влияющие на качество муки (Gli 1B3, 1B2)-78 % и очень мало аллелей с высокой морозостойкостью (Gli 1D4, 1D7-30 %). В то же время в сортах донской селекции все наоборот. Эти аллели дают преимущество в морозостойкости, но влекут снижение продуктивности.