Various pathogenic factors can lead to oogenesis failure and seriously affect both female reproductive health and fertility. Genetic factors play an important role in folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation but still need to be clarified. Oocyte maturation is a well-organized complex process, regulated by a large number of genes. Pathogenic variants in these genes as well as aneuploidy, defects in mitochondrial genome, and other genetic and epigenetic factors can result in unexplained infertility, early pregnancy loss, and recurrent failures of IVF/ICSI programs due to poor ovarian response to stimulation, oocyte maturation arrest, poor gamete quality, fertilization failure, or early embryonic developmental arrest. In this paper, we review the main genes, as well as provide a description of the defects in the mitochondrial genome, associated with female infertility.
Тяжелые формы мужского и женского бесплодия, привычного невынашивания беременности, аномалий формирования пола часто обусловлены генетическими причинами или связаны с генетическими факторами. Медико-генетическое обследование и консультирование пациентов с нарушением репродукции зачастую ограничивается использованием стандартных рутинных исследований, поэтому не позволяет выявить многие наследственные формы репродуктивной патологии. Методы геномного анализа позволяют повысить эффективность диагностики генетически обусловленных нарушений репродукции, вызванных генными мутациями и вариациями числа копий (CNV), но их пока широко не используют в практическое медицине. В статье рассмотрены современные возможности медико-генетического обследования мужчин с нарушением фертильности, а также приведены показания и алгоритмы диагностики генетических причин мужского бесплодия, связанного с различными формами патозооспермии. Evere forms of male and female infertility, recurrent miscarriage, abnormalities in disorders of sex development are often due to genetic causes or are associated with genetic factors. Genetic examination and counseling of patients with reproductive problems is often limited to the use of standard routine techniques, therefore, it is not possible to identify many hereditary forms of reproductive pathology. Genomic analysis methods can improve the diagnosis of genetic reproductive disorders caused by gene mutations and copy number variations (CNVs), but they are not yet widely used in practical medicine. The article discusses the modern possibilities of medical-genetic examination of infertile men with, as well as the indications and diagnostic algorithms for the genetic causes of male infertility associated with various forms of pathozoospermia.
Представлен клинический случай синдрома Шерешевского-Тернера (СШТ) у матери и двух её дочерей. При стандартном цитогенетическом исследовании c использованием GTG-окрашивания у всех пациенток выявлен мозаичный кариотип с двумя клеточными линиями, один клон с Х моносомией (45,Х), другой - с наличием кольцевой Х-хромосомы 46,Х,r(Х)(p22.3q28). Методом флуоресцентной in situ гибридизации установлено, что в лимфоцитах периферической крови и в клетках буккального эпителия у всех пациенток присутствует мозаицизм Х/Х,r(Х). Количество клеток, содержащих кольцевую хромосому Х, в лимфоцитах пациенток сходно (8-11%), а в буккальном эпителии вариабельно (26-47%). Анализ инактивации Х-хромосомы (XCI), выполненный матери и ее старшей дочери, позволил установить, что кольцевая хромосома Х преимущественно инактивирована. Все три пациентки имеют схожий фенотип с характерными для СШТ признаками. Однако репродуктивная функция, по крайней мере, у матери и ее старшей дочери сохранена. Обсуждаются тканевая вариабельность гоносомного мозаицизма и семейные случаи СШТ с кольцевой хромосомой Х из литературы. The article presents a clinical case of Turner syndrome (TS) in a mother and her two daughters. Standard cytogenetic examination using by GTG-staining technique found mosaic karyotype with two cell lines, one clone with monosomy X (45,X) and other one with ring X-chromosome - 46,X,r(X)(p22.3q28). Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed gonosomal mosaicism mos X/X,r(X) in peripheral blood lymphocytes and buccal epithelial cells in all patients. There number of cells containing ring X chromosome were similar in lymphocytes (8-11%), and were more varied in buccal epithelium (26-47%) between patients. Analysis of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), performed in the mother and her eldest daughter, revealed skewed inactivation of ring X chromosome. The patients had a similar phenotype signs characterized to Turner syndrome, but fertility was preserved at least in the mother and her eldest daughter. Reported in the literature familial TS cases with ring X chromosome are reviewed.
Williams syndrome (OMIM 194050) is a multisystem inherited disorder associated with microdeletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 (q11.23). Typical clinical manifestations of the syndrome are supravalvular aortic stenosis and other congenital anomalies of the heart and blood vessels, facial abnormalities, neonatal hypercalcemia, lag in physical, psychomotor and mental development, unusual cognitive and behavioral profile. Patients with WS require medical supervision and prevention of complications throughout their lives. The paper presents an overview of the results of studies devoted to the study of various aspects of diagnosis and management of patients with WS. The description of the three new cases of WS addresses the main problems and possibilities of diagnosis of the disease in patients with different clinical manifestations.
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