A phenomenon has been singled out that is present during almost every shot. It manifests itself in a muzzle blast in the form of soot of a certain amount. The Bell-Boudoir thermochemical reaction has been defined, which explains the formation of soot in powder gases during the shot. The conditions making it possible to manifest have been mentioned. A method for solving the problem of internal ballistics has been developed, enabling to determine the temperature of powder gases along the length of the gun barrel at different times and at different positions of the projectile in the barrel. The modelling of the powder gases temperature distribution in the barrel space between the charging chamber and the moving projectile has been carried out in the model system. The possibility of changing the length of the zone of the Bell-Boudoir reaction (the zone of soot formation) depending on the initial data has been shown. The use of a fresh powder charge and a degraded one has been modelled.

Epidemiological surveillance of public health is an important tool for protection against viral and infectious diseases, both at the national and international levels. Its key role is played by such components as prevention, sanitary protection, compulsory vaccination, audit of the epidemic situation, special anti-epidemic measures, etc. Their implementation requires a systematic approach, which can only be ensured by professional, balanced, and scientifically sound public administration in the field of public health, including on the international scale. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a number of issues related to public administration in healthcare and epidemiological surveillance. In this article, the authors analyse the world experience of building systems that ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being, and try to assess its impact on the effectiveness of counteracting epidemiological threats. In the course of the study, the authors investigated the structure of the system of anti-epidemic and sanitary bodies of more than forty countries of the world. The authors have left out countries with a small population (because they are characterised by universalisation, multifunctionality of public administration entities) and countries whose statistics on the spread of COVID-19 are questionable. For others, it was possible to identify three main approaches to building a system of sanitary and anti-epidemic bodies and to propose appropriate models of the institutional mechanism of public administration in the field of epidemiological well-being.

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The article is devoted to the legal principles of taking administrative responsibility for disrespect for court. In the work the complex analysis of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses envisaged by Article 185-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses is carried out. The problematic issues that arise in practice when considering cases of administrative offenses for disrespect for court are outlined. The article examines the individual decisions of national courts in cases of administrative offenses for disrespect for court. The Association Agreement with the European Union Ukraine has declared its agreement to strengthen cooperation in the field of justice, freedom and security in order to ensure the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, strengthen the judiciary, enhance its efficiency, guarantee its independence and impartiality. Weaknesses of national legislation with respect to international standards of administration of justice are identified. Particular attention is paid to compliance with the principle of impartiality when imposing administrative penalties for disrespect for court. The relevant decisions of the European Court of Human Rights have been analyzed. Suggestions were made to remedy practical problems in order to bring administrative penalties for disrespect for court into conformity with the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. It was concluded that it is necessary to determine the clear jurisdiction of the courts in the consideration of cases of administrative offenses disrespect for court with the introduction of appropriate changes or procedural codes, or the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. Key words: disrespect for court, administrative responsibility, impartiality, challenge (recusal) of a judge.

This paper reports a method for improving the firing efficiency of an artillery unit that results in enhanced effectiveness. Given the modern use of artillery for counter-battery warfare, the effectiveness of shooting is not enough assessed by accuracy only. It is also necessary to take into consideration and minimize the time spent by the unit in the firing position and the consumption of shells to hit the target. It has been shown that in order to assess the effectiveness of an artillery shot due to the initial velocity of the projectile, the most rapid and simple means is to classify the quality of the shot by the acoustic field. A procedure for categorizing the shot has been improved by applying an automatic classifier with training based on a machine of support vectors with the least squares. It is established that the error in the classification of the effectiveness of the second shot does not exceed 0.05. The concept of the effectiveness of a single artillery shot was introduced. Under the conditions of intense shooting, there may be accidental disturbances in each shot due to the wear of the charging chamber of the gun, its barrel, and incomplete information about the powder charge. When firing involves disturbances, the firing of an artillery unit can be described by a model of a discrete Markov chain. Based on the Markov model, a method for improving the efficiency of artillery fire has been devised. The method is based on the identification of guns that produce ineffective shots. The fire control phase of the unit has been introduced. In the process of controlling the fire of the unit, such guns are excluded from further firing. A generalized criterion for the effectiveness of artillery firing of a unit, based on the convolution of criteria, has been introduced. It is shown that the devised method significantly improves the effectiveness of shooting according to the generalized criterion.