Quality properties of red ginseng prepared with different cultivation years of fresh ginseng produced in Punggi region were investigated. Fresh ginseng cultivated for 4, 5, or 6 years was steamed for 3.5 hr and dried for 24 hr at 60～65 o C and subsequently for 3～4 days at 40 o C under commercial conditions. Compared to 6 years-old roots, the five years-old roots showed similar or some lower quality properties in terms of color, appearance, diameter, and inside quality, but higher ones in length and yield of prepared red ginseng. In particular, the levels of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2, which are known as specific components in red ginseng, were the highest in 5 years-old roots. The result shows that fresh ginseng of 5 years-old roots produced in Punggi region can be utilized as a raw material for the manufacture of high-quality red ginseng.

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Osteoporosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also referred to as ‘CKD with low bone mineral density (BMD)’, because the cause of low BMD in CKD includes chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorders (CKD-MBD) such as secondary hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, and adynamic bone disease. Diagnostic methods of osteoporosis in CKD include FRAX®, BMD, and bone turnover markers as well as CKD-MBD biochemical parameters- calcium, P, alkaline phosphatase, PTH, and 25(OH)D3. The management of osteoporosis in CKD prioritizes CKD-MBD management over selection of bone anti-resorptive agents or osteo-anabolic agents according to clinical and laboratory findings.