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The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the balance and muscle activity after having performed balance exercise at different ground conditions. The subjects were divided into 3 groups; Sand Group(SG)(N=30) and Balance Form group(BFG)(N=30), Hard Ground Group(HGG)(N=30). The period of intervention was for six weeks. EMG for Tibialis anterior(TA), Soleus(So), Biceps femoris(BF) muscle activity, Air-balance system 3D were used as evaluation tools for this study. the change of balance ability and TA, So muscle activity was greater in the SG, BFG than HGG which may imply that sand can be used for the balance exercise like any other ground.

Using historiometric method, this article analyzed the characteristics of the two creative domains of Korean modern novel writing and modern painting, and explored the socio-developmental conditions that yielded creative outputs in each domain. In study 1, the career landmarks of those two domains were compared and it was discovered that Korean modern novel writing required faster ideation than painting and also its ideation-output ratio was higher than painting. We explained this result in the historical contexts of the two domains. Based on these domain characteristics, in study 2 we tested the effects of social factors in developmental period such as birth order, parental loss and traumatic experience, and the effects of factors in active period such as competition, mentors and versatility to the creators' lifetime eminence. There were domain-general positive effect of traumatic experience in developmental period, domain-specific effect of versatility, and domain-specific negative effect of number of mentors. Finally, we discussed the implications of this study.

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