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>> A one-dimensional site response analysis program (KODSAP) was developed using cyclic soil behavior model by using the modified parallel IWAN model. The model is able to predict the cyclic hardening and degradation of soil through the adjustment of the internal slip stresses of its elements beyond the cyclic threshold, and satisfies Bauschinger's effect and the Masing rule in terms of its own behavior characteristics. The program (KODSAP) used the direct integration method in the time domain. The elasticity of the base rock was considered as a viscous damper boundary condition. The effects of cyclic hardening or degradation of soil on site response analysis were evaluated through parametric studies. Three types of analyses were performed to compare the effect of analysis and cyclic parameter on site response. The first type was equivalent linear analysis, the second was nonlinear analysis, and a third was nonlinear analysis using the cyclic hardening or degradation model.

Paroxysmal non-epileptic event (PNE) is a common seizure-like symptom in children. With regard to therapy, a decrease in iron levels was reported in breathholding spells, but not in other PNEs. The effects of iron supplementation were investigated on various PNEs. Methods: Medical records of patients who visited our clinic with seizure-like symptoms were retrospectively reviewed at Chungnam National University Hospital, from March 2013 to March 2016. Results: A total of 29 patients (65.9%) were boys and 15 (34.1%) were girls. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 39.3 weeks and 3,200 g, respectively. The mean age at the time of visit was 23.5 months. Of the 11 patients who underwent brain imaging, 10 (90.9%) had normal findings and 1 (9.1%) had subdural hemorrhage. An electroencephalogram was performed in 29 patients; 26 of them had normal findings (89.7%), 2 (6.9%) had slow background, and 1 (3.4%) had epileptiform discharges. A total of 31 patients (70.5%) had iron levels lower than 80 µg/dL. Iron supplementation was administered in 4 of the 13 patients with normal iron status and in 21 of the 31 patients with low iron status. A significant improvement in the frequency and severity of symptom was observed in 91.7% of patients who received iron supplementation (P<0.05). Conclusions: Symptoms improved in 80% of patients with PNE, and a higher rate of symptom improvement could be expected with iron supplementation.

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