Untitled

doi:10.5366/jope.2021.06

“…A study suggested that fibrous materials such as EFB enriched the chloride content in the CPO produced (Matthäus & Pudel, 2013). Meanwhile, another study confirmed the role of EFB in enhancing the chloride content in CPO (Chew & Norliza, 2021). Similarly, the reduction of phosphorus was due to the removal of phosphorus-rich EFB during oil process- as the most significant contributor, acidity, DAG, and MAG were associated with the formation of 3-MCPDE (Craft et al, 2012;Sim et al, 2018;Šmidrkal et al, 2016).…”

Section: Postulation Of Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Nevertheless, a more in-depth study is required to confirm this finding. A previous study has shown that the removal of EFB reduces most of the contaminants such as chloride and phosphorus are in the produced CPO (Chew & Norliza, 2021). In the conventional palm oil mill processing, the removal of the EFB could only be done after sterilisation where sterilisation induces fruit detachment from its bunch.…”

Section: Postulation Of Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous ethylene application on postharvest oil palm fruit bunches improves crude palm oil quality

Chew

¹

,

Tan²,

Low³

et al. 2021

Food Science & Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Palm oil is produced from oil palm fruits, Elaeis guineensis, and the extracted oil is known as crude palm oil (CPO) (Sundram et al., 2003).CPO is typically delivered to a refinery for a subsequent processing to produce edible palm oil. CPO contains predominantly neutral oil, also known as triacylglycerol (TAG), along with other minor constituents including free fatty acid (FFA), diacylglycerol (DAG), monoacylglycerol (MAG), moisture, solid impurities, phospholipids, antioxidants (such as carotenes, tocopherols, sterols), lipid oxidation products, metal contents, and chlorides Maclellan, 1983;Mancini et al., 2015). These minor constituents are impacting the overall quality of the CPO produced. In the palm oil industry, CPO quality specifications set by the Palm Oil Refiners Association of Malaysia (PORAM) are commonly used as a standard quality requirement for the trading of CPO between millers and refiners, illustrated in Table 1 (PORAM, 2000). According to the standard, the FFA indicates the hydrolytic stability of the oil and the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) implies the acceptance level in the refining process. Lastly, the moisture and impurities (M&I) determine the purity of the CPO produced (Ariffin, 2001;Chong, 2012).Generally, the CPO is susceptible to lipid oxidation, causing oil instability and reduces shelf life (Frega et al., 1999). During production,

show abstract

“…One of the precursors of 3-MCPDE formation is chlorine, which the correlations between chlorine content in palm oil and 3-MCPDE level in its refined oil have established by many researchers (Matthäus et al, 2011, Chew & Saparin, 2021, Tivanello et al, 2021. In palm oil, chlorine-containing compounds could come from the plantation, i.e.…”

Section: Reducing Precursor Of 3-mcpde and Ge In Palm Fruits And Crud...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using water washing in FFB before extraction, Matthäus and Pudel (2013) reported a reduction of 38% of 3-MCPDE in its refined palm oil. Washing palm fruits with water has been practised in Sime Darby Plantation Malaysia as well and it was reported that chlorine content in the CPO was as low as 0.5 ppm, which is 50% lower than unwashed CPO, and the 3-MCPDE content in its refined oil showed a reduction of 53% (Chew & Saparin, 2021).…”

Section: Reducing Precursor Of 3-mcpde and Ge In Palm Fruits And Crud...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Elisabeth

2023

MP

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Among consumed-vegetable oils, RBDPO (refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil) is indicated containing higher level of 3-MCPDE and GE, which have been classified as potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic to human. Those contaminants in RBDPO are formed during deodorization process with high temperature and also correlate with chloride content and quality of CPO as raw material. The maximum limit for 3-MCPDE and GE content in vegetable oil has been set at 2500 and 1000 µg kg-1, and as low as 750 and 500 µg kg-1 when used for production of baby food and cereal-based foods for infants and young children. The mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in RBDPO is quite challenging for palm oil refineries in producing a good quality of palm oil in term of sensory, stability, safety, and nutritional value, especially in Indonesia. It has been proven that modification of conventional refining process can reduce the 3-MCPDE and GE content. They are including pre-treatment of CPO by water washing to reduce the chloride content, alkali neutralization to remove any acids present in the oil prior to deodorization, using neutral bleaching earth, adding antioxidants after bleaching to reduce free radical-mediated formation of 3-MCPDE and GE, lowering the deodorization temperature with a longer time, and even double bleaching and/or double deodorization of the palm oil. Post-refining treatment using specific adsorbents is also applied to remove the 3-MCPDE and GE. However, palm oil refineries have to apply combination of several mitigation strategies to adequately reduce the levels of 3-MCPDE and GE, including using good quality of CPO with low FFA, chloride, and oxidized components content.

show abstract

“…One of the precursors of 3-MCPDE formation is chlorine, which the correlations between chlorine content in palm oil and 3-MCPDE level in its refined oil have established by many researchers (Matthäus et al, 2011, Chew & Saparin, 2021, Tivanello et al, 2021. In palm oil, chlorine-containing compounds could come from the plantation, i.e.…”

Section: Reducing Precursor Of 3-mcpde and Ge In Palm Fruits And Crud...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Elisabeth

2023

E-Journal Menara Perkebunan

1

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Among consumed-vegetable oils, RBDPO (refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil) is indicated containing higher level of 3-MCPDE and GE, which have been classified as potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic to human. Those contaminants in RBDPO are formed during deodorization process with high temperature and also correlate with chloride content and quality of CPO as raw material. The maximum limit for 3-MCPDE and GE content in vegetable oil has been set at 2500 and 1000 µg kg-1, and as low as 750 and 500 µg kg-1 when used for production of baby food and cereal-based foods for infants and young children. The mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in RBDPO is quite challenging for palm oil refineries in producing a good quality of palm oil in term of sensory, stability, safety, and nutritional value, especially in Indonesia. It has been proven that modification of conventional refining process can reduce the 3-MCPDE and GE content. They are including pre-treatment of CPO by water washing to reduce the chloride content, alkali neutralization to remove any acids present in the oil prior to deodorization, using neutral bleaching earth, adding antioxidants after bleaching to reduce free radical-mediated formation of 3-MCPDE and GE, lowering the deodorization temperature with a longer time, and even double bleaching and/or double deodorization of the palm oil. Post-refining treatment using specific adsorbents is also applied to remove the 3-MCPDE and GE. However, palm oil refineries have to apply combination of several mitigation strategies to adequately reduce the levels of 3-MCPDE and GE, including using good quality of CPO with low FFA, chloride, and oxidized components content.

show abstract

Untitled

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Exogenous ethylene application on postharvest oil palm fruit bunches improves crude palm oil quality

Exogenous ethylene application on postharvest oil palm fruit bunches improves crude palm oil quality

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About