(1 →  3)- β -<scp>d</scp>-Glucan and Endotoxin in House Dust and Peak Flow Variability in Children

Douwes, Jeroen; Zuidhof, Anetta; Doekes, Gert; Zee, Saskia C. van der; Wouters, Inge M.; Boezen, H. Marike; Brunekreef, Bert

doi:10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9909118

Cited by 203 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For each study, the size of the box is proportional to the precision (inverse of variance) of the study. The combined estimate from the meta-analysis is indicated by the diamond-shaped box (labelled ''Summary'') at the bottom of the figure. early exposure to indoor microbial elements may have strong immune-stimulatory properties, as has been suggested for endotoxin in several studies [74][75][76]. The present review revealed that there are still not enough data on exposure to mould-derived components to perform combined analyses, which would be required to make a more definite statement on the impact of exposure to these components.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Association between domestic mould and mould components, and asthma and allergy in children: a systematic review

Tischer¹,

Cm²,

Heinrich³

2011

Eur Respir J

146

108

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Critical reviews over the past 10 yrs have found increased respiratory and allergic health outcomes for children living in damp and mouldy environments. However, recent studies have suggested that early childhood exposure to specific mould components may actually protect children from developing allergy.We conducted a systematic review of observational studies published in English from January 1980 to July 2010. This review was conducted according to systematic guidelines for Metaanalyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE). The literature was searched using a computerised bibliographic database, PubMed. In order to increase the quality of the reviewed studies, meta-analyses of the effects of visible mould exposure on allergic health outcomes were performed and we evaluated the findings according to the Bradford Hill criteria for evidence of causation.The literature search identified 1,398 peer-reviewed scientific publications, and 61 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in this review. We observed increased risks of allergic respiratory health outcomes in children exposed to visible mould and mould spores. These findings were confirmed by the results of the meta-analysis and in line with the evaluation criteria according to Bradford Hill. Visible mould was positively associated with asthma (OR 1.49 (95% CI 1.28-1.72)), wheeze (OR 1.68 (95% CI 1.48-1.90)) and allergic rhinitis (OR 1.39 (95% CI 1.28-1.51)). However, there was a tendency of lower risk for allergic health outcomes in children exposed to mouldderived components such as (1,3)-b-D-glucan and extracellular polysaccharides.These findings suggest that home environments with visible mould and mould spore exposure increase the risk of allergic respiratory health outcomes in children. However, further investigations are needed to examine the effects of exposure to mould-derived components as the current literature is inconclusive. In order to disentangle the different effects of overall microbial exposure on children's health, research should focus on specific microbial markers in the home, in combination with new assessment techniques including molecular methods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Association between domestic mould and mould components, and asthma and allergy in children: a systematic review

Tischer¹,

Cm²,

Heinrich³

2011

Eur Respir J

146

108

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“…However, the results by using such approach are still scarce and not conclusive. Some associations have been observed between b(1R3)-glucan concentration and signs of airway inflammation, such as peak expiratory flow rate variability in children [58]. Other studies did not find significant results [57,59].…”

Section: Mouldsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments

et al. 2012

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We reviewed the main epidemiological studies that evaluate the respiratory effects of indoor air pollutants quantitatively in industrialised countries. Consistent results support short-term (aggravation) and, although more rarely, long-term (prevalence augmentation) effects on asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in indoor settings with poor air quality. Environmental tobacco smoke is one of the most important risks for respiratory symptoms and diseases worldwide. The evidence is also reliable for indoor nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, which have been associated with asthma, bronchitis and COPD. Whereas formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds seem to be the main pollutants in indoor settings, relevant papers on their respiratory effects are still scarce, and limited to asthma and bronchitis. Moulds have been associated with an increased risk of asthma and COPD. Contradictory results have been found between endotoxins and asthma. The role of phthalates, persistent organic pollutants and flame retardants in respiratory diseases remains to be established. Results from rural areas of industrialised countries indicate that exposure to some indoor bio-contaminants might be protective in early life, while it is associated with adverse respiratory adverse effects in adulthood. Studies focusing on indoor air pollutants should be developed to better understand their involvement in the inception and aggravation of respiratory diseases.

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“…The exposure literature is inconsistent in how toxicants in dust are reported. More recently measures of surface loading (mg/m 2 ) have been used, often reported along with concentration (mg/g) (Douwes et al, 2000;Braun-Fuhrlander et al, 2002). Studies of blood lead in children correlate better with surface loading than concentration, suggesting that at least for young children this measure may more accurately reflect exposure, albeit Environmental interventions for asthma triggers Takaro et al…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ergosterol does not distinguish between allergenic fungi and nonallergenic fungi and therefore may not accurately represent the level of health hazard. Beta-D-glucan, another component of the fungal cell wall (in addition to some plant cell walls), functions as a respiratory irritant and has been used by many to estimate fungal contamination (Rylander, 1999;Douwes et al, 2000). Further validation of these measures and their relationship to standardized questionnaires is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of environmental interventions to reduce exposure to asthma triggers in homes of low-income children in Seattle

Takaro

Krieger

Song

2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The effectiveness of community health workers (CHWs) assisting families in reducing exposure to indoor asthma triggers has not been studied. In all, 274 low-income asthmatic children were randomly assigned to high-or low-intensity groups. CHWs visited all homes to assess exposures, develop action plans and provide bedding encasements. The higher-intensity group also received cleaning equipment and five to nine visits over a year focusing on asthma trigger reduction. The asthma trigger composite score decreased from 1.56 to 1.19 (D ¼ À0.37, 95% CI 0.13, 0.61) in the higher-intensity group and from 1.63 to 1.43 in the low-intensity group (D ¼ À0.20, 95% CI 0.004, 0.4). The difference in this measure due to the intervention was significant at the P ¼ 0.096 level. The higher-intensity group also showed improvement during the intervention year in measurements of condensation, roaches, moisture, cleaning behavior, dust weight, dust mite antigen, and total antigens above a cut point, effects not demonstrated in the low-intensity group. CHWs are effective in reducing asthma trigger exposure in low-income children. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of specific interventions and structural improvements on asthma trigger exposure and health.

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(1 → 3)- β -d-Glucan and Endotoxin in House Dust and Peak Flow Variability in Children

Cited by 203 publications

References 29 publications

Association between domestic mould and mould components, and asthma and allergy in children: a systematic review

Association between domestic mould and mould components, and asthma and allergy in children: a systematic review

Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments

Effect of environmental interventions to reduce exposure to asthma triggers in homes of low-income children in Seattle

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