1. Text Messaging to Promote HPV Vaccination

Can mHealth interventions contribute to increased HPV vaccination uptake? A systematic review

“…Eleven of the included studies were randomized control trials ( Dempsey et al, 2019 , Dixon et al, 2019 , Henrikson et al, 2018 , Kempe et al, 2016 , Patel et al, 2014 , Rand et al, 2015 , Rand et al, 2017 , Richman et al, 2016 , Richman et al, 2019 , Szilagyi et al, 2013 , Tull et al, 2019 ). The other nine studies were variations of non-randomized pre-post designs with control groups ( Aragones et al, 2015 , Bar-Shain et al, 2015 , Cassidy et al, 2014 , Keeshin and Feinberg, 2017 , Kharbanda et al, 2011aa , Lee et al, 2016 , Matheson et al, 2014 , Morris et al, 2015 )…”

“…The intervention was more effective for younger adolescents (p < 0.01) and reminding the parent and adolescent did not increase effectiveness. Kharbanda et al ( Kharbanda et al, 2011aa , Kharbanda et al, 2011bb ) New York, USA Non-randomized experimental study Possible selection bias 1,512 (intervention = 124, control 1 = 308, control 2 = 1,080) Mean age −14. Intervention- 83% Medicaid/SCHIP, 53% English language Control 1–90% Medicaid/SCHIP, 40% English and Control 2 68% Medicaid/SCHIP, 29% English Implemented and evaluated and text message reminders Receipt of for the second and third vaccine doses.…”

“…14 studies recruited participants or were situated in clinical settings including pediatric clinics, planned parenthood centers and outpatient clinics ( Bar-Shain et al, 2015 , Cassidy et al, 2014 , Dempsey, 2019 , Dixon et al, 2019 , Henrikson et al, 2018 , Keeshin and Feinberg, 2017 , Kempe et al, 2016 , Kharbanda et al, 2011aa , Matheson et al, 2014 , Patel et al, 2014 , Rand et al, 2015 , Richman et al, 2019 , Richman et al, 2016 , Szilagyi et al, 2013 ). Non-clinical based studies utilized multiple approaches, for example Tull et al was conducted within schools and Aragones et al recruited in the non-clinical environment of an embassy health window.…”

“…Ten studies utilized text-message reminder systems. Nine of these studies assessed a reminder that the adolescent enrolled in the study was due for vaccination and asked the receiver to schedule an appointment with the health care provider ( Bar-Shain et al, 2015 , Henrikson et al, 2018 , Keeshin and Feinberg, 2017 , Kharbanda et al, 2011aa , Matheson et al, 2014 , Morris et al, 2015 , Patel et al, 2014 , Rand et al, 2015 , Rand et al, 2017 ). However, the tenth study Tull et al ( Tull et al, 2019 ), made a distinction assessed the differential outcomes of two different types of text-message reminders: motivational texts versus self-regulatory texts.…”

“… Participants first received a mailed outreach letter/brochure and consequently, automated reminders for the vaccination appointment were sent along with information related to financial and health center information Eight weeks after the initial outreach letters, a reminder calls via interactive voice recognition were made, as well as reminder text messages with automated script were sent Keeshin et al ( Keeshin and Feinberg, 2017 ) The intervention gave patients the option to receive months text message reminders or monthly emails. All patients opted for the text messages Patients who had not completed of the three HPV vaccination doses, were sent monthly text messages until completion of series Kempe et al ( Kempe et al, 2016 ) In this intervention, adolescents who were late in completing their vaccination series were followed up Parents had the option to receive reminders via (text, email, automated telephone message) Additionally, they could also opt-in to have reminders also sent to their child The recall was sent on alternating weeks for up to three recalls per week for six weeks The number of recalls sent depended on the number of methods selected for a total of six recalls were sent, one each week alternating between methods Kharbanda et al ( Kharbanda et al, 2011aa , Kharbanda et al, 2011bb ) When parents signed up to receive reminders and took the first dose a series, reminders were activated for the second and third doses Messages were sent in English or Spanish based on participant preferences For the three weeks prior to the vaccination due date, participants received three weekly reminders Lee et al ( Lee et al, 2016 ) Community-based participatory research (CBPR) methods were utilized to develop text messages for Korean American women The message content included information about HPV, HPV vaccination but also about cervical cancer and experiences of Korean American women The developed messages were sent over a consecutive seven day period Matheson et al ( Matheson et al, 2014 ) Participants in the intervention could receive three text message reminders for each of the three HPV vaccine does appointments. The messages were sent 1)seven days prior to each HPV vaccination date, 2)the vaccine due date and 3) seven days after the due date The content of the message was consistent in all three messages with the exception of including the relevant appointment date and an office number in the case of missed appointments Morris et al ( Morris et...…”