10-Year Trends in Dietary Intakes in the High- and Low-Risk Areas for Esophageal Cancer: A Population-Based Ecological Study in Northern Iran

Abstract

<jats:p>BACKGROUND We assessed dietary intakes in the high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer (EC) in Golestan province, Northern Iran. METHODS Considering the EC rates, Golestan province was divided into high- and low-risk regions. Data on households’ food consumption were obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the relationships between consumption of main food and EC risk. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated. Joint point program was used for time trend analysis and average annual percent changes (AAPC) were reported. RESULTS Overall, 11910 households were recruited during 2006-2015. 4710 (39.5%) households were enrolled from the high-risk region. There were significant positive relationships between high consumption of sweets (aOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.24-2.10), oil/fat (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04-1.79), and red meat (aOR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.65) with EC risk. We found significant negative relationships between high consumption of dairy products (aOR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.82), vegetables (aOR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.50-0.87) and fruit (aOR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.55-0.95) with the risk of EC. Time trend analysis showed a significant increasing trend in the proportions of households with low consumption of vegetables (AAPC = 4.71, p = 0.01) and dairy products (AAPC = 5.26, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.02) in the low-risk region for EC. CONCLUSION Dietary intakes may be important etiological factors for EC in Northern Iran. Further studies are warranted to assess the role of dietary factors in this high-risk population.</jats:p>

Cancer in Iran 2008 to 2025: Recent incidence trends and short‐term predictions of the future burden

“…While studies have shown that the prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption 21 have been on the increase in Iran, a rising prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and westernized diet in the country, including a diet rich in fat and meat, and low in cereals and fiber, may contribute to an increasing burden due to changes in risk. 22,23 The greatest increase in incidence of cancers in Iran will occur for TC. By 2025, a doubling of the number of new cases of TC in Iran is predicted to occur, mainly due to changes in risk.…”

“…As reported previously, our results here imply colorectal cancer is more common in the northern and central provinces of Iran, 44 and may partially be explained by differences in the prevalence of obesity 26 and specific dietary habits. Recent studies from the country have suggested that increasing consumption of red meat and decreasing trends in consumption of plant-based foods, fish and dairy products 22 are responsible for the rising rates. Prostate cancer, another marker of human development, is predicted to increase by two-thirds between 2016 and 2025, in part related to an increase in awareness and a greater access to healthcare facilities, including the availability and use of prostate specific antigen testing.…”

Consumption of Thermally Processed Meat Containing Carcinogenic Compounds (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines) versus a Risk of Some Cancers in Humans and the Possibility of Reducing Their Formation by Natural Food Additives—A Literature Review

“…These compounds can modify DNA synthesis, increase cell proliferation, affect hormone metabolism, increase insulinlike growth factors and contribute to the formation of free radicals, which leads to the development of cancer. [49].…”

“…Many cancers can be prevented by meeting the dietary guidelines of cancer societies and recommendations for cancer prevention by optimizing the consumption and combination of certain foods. Numerous scientific reports indicate the chemopreventive (anticancer) effects of a diet rich in vegetables and fruits [49,64,65,85,[98][99][100]. Such diets are associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease, inflammation and mortality [99].…”

Association Between Urinary Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mortality in Adults

“…One of the most studied is its mutagenic effect. These compounds can be catalyzed to form stable adducts with the deoxyguanosine (dG) of DNA or protein molecules, which in turn can cause errors in DNA replication, leading to mutations and potentially to cancer development (Bulanda &Janoszka 2022, Salamat et al 2020. HAA have been con rmed to be closely related to the occurrence and development of head and neck tumors (Li et (Daniel et al 2011).…”