125-μm-Cladding Eight-Core Multi-Core Fiber Realizing Ultra-High-Density Cable Suitable for O-Band Short-Reach Optical Interconnects

Hayashi, Tetsuya; Nakanishi, Tetsuya; Hirashima, Kaoru; Shimakawa, Osamu; Sato, Fumiaki; Koyama, Koichi; Furuya, Akira; Murakami, Yasunori; Sasaki, Takashi

doi:10.1109/jlt.2015.2470078

Cited by 76 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…4level pulse amplitude (PAM4) [12] and discrete multi-tone (DMT) [7] are another two options for modulation, which can alleviate the baud rate and achieve high bandwidth efficiency. By exploiting multiplexing techniques, such as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) [7], spatial division multiplexing (SDM) based on multicore/multimode fiber [12] and their combination [11], the per-fiber capacity of the interconnect can be further boosted. The WDM system implies high cost of the transceiver while the SDM approach may be expensive due to the utilization of advanced fiber technologies.…”

Section: Optical Transmission For Communication Between Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the disaggregated DC, the transceivers should be small and simple to be implemented or integrated on the resource unit in a cost-efficient manner. For the transceiver side, vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) [9,11,12] and silicon photonic (SiP) integrated circuit techniques [7] are two main candidates to address the challenges in terms of cost and footprint. VCSELs are being widely used in short-reach optical communications, usually integrated with SDM systems.…”

Section: Optical Transmission For Communication Between Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disaggregated Data Centers: Challenges and Trade-offs

Lin

Cheng²,

Andrade³

et al. 2020

IEEE Commun. Mag.

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Resource utilization of modern data centers is significantly limited by the mismatch between the diversity of the resources required by running applications and the fixed amount of hardwired resources (e.g., number of central processing unit CPU cores, size of memory) in the server blades. In this regard, the concept of function disaggregation is introduced, where the integrated server blades containing all types of resources are replaced by the resource blades including only one specific function. Therefore, disaggregated data centers can offer high flexibility for resource allocation and hence their resource utilization can be largely improved. In addition, introducing function disaggregation simplifies the system upgrade, allowing for a quick adoption of new generation components in data centers. However, the communication between different resources faces severe problems in terms of latency and transmission bandwidth required. In particular, the CPU-memory interconnects in fully disaggregated data centers require ultra-low latency and ultrahigh transmission bandwidth in order to prevent performance degradation for running applications. Optical fiber communication is a promising technique to offer high capacity and low latency, but it is still very challenging for the state-of-the-art optical transmission technologies to meet the requirements of the fully disaggregated data centers. In this paper, different levels of function disaggregation are investigated. For the fully disaggregated data centers, two architectural options are presented, where optical interconnects are necessary for CPU-memory communications. We review the state-of-the-art optical transmission technologies and carry out performance assessment when employing them to support function disaggregation in data centers. The results reveal that function disaggregation does improve the efficiency of resource usage in the data centers, although the bandwidth provided by the state-of-the-art optical transmission technologies is not always sufficient for the fully disaggregated data centers. It calls for research in optical transmission to fully utilize the advantages of function disaggregation in data centers. I. INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is one of the major services provided by modern data centers (DCs), where users are able to freely choose resources and operating systems (OSs) for running their applications without considering the underlying

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Section: Optical Transmission For Communication Between Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Transmission For Communication Between Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disaggregated Data Centers: Challenges and Trade-offs

Lin

Cheng²,

Andrade³

et al. 2020

IEEE Commun. Mag.

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“…In addition, an 8-core MCF for O-band short-reach application was also proposed [140,141]. This MCF maintained a cladding diameter of 125 m, which is the same as that in a conventional SMF, to reduce the overhead of manufacturing equipment.…”

Section: Short Reach/datacommentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Space-Division Multiplexing Technologies in Optical Communications

Awaji¹

2019

IEICE Trans. Commun.

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SUMMARYThe potential transmission capacity of a standard single-mode fiber peaks at around 100 Tb/s owing to fiber nonlinearity and the bandwidth limitation of amplifiers. As the last frontier of multiplexing, space-division multiplexing (SDM) has been studied intensively in recent years. Although there is still time to deploy such a novel fiber communication infrastructure; basic research on SDM has been carried out. Therefore, a comprehensive review is worthwhile at this time toward further practical investigations.

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“…For this reason the uncoupled-style is mostly preferred for R&D. Many core arrangements have been proposed (Fig. 1); the One-ring [16], [17] and the Dual-ring structure [18], the Linear Array [19], [20], the Two-pitch structure [21] and finally the Hexagonal close-packed structure which is also the most prominent [22]. Examples of this style, with 7 cores [15] and 19 cores [23] have already been demonstrated and used in experiments.…”

Section: Multi-core Fiber (Mcf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey and Evaluation of Space Division Multiplexing: From Technologies to Optical Networks

Saridis

Alexandropoulos

Zervas

et al. 2015

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

305

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Single Mode Fiber's physical capacity boundaries will soon be reached, so alternative solutions are much needed to overcome the multiplying and remarkably large bandwidth requests. Space division multiplexing (SDM) using multicore fibers (MCF), multi-element fibers (MEF), multimode fibers (MMF) and their combination; fewmode multicore fibers (FM-MCF) or fibers based on orbital angular momentum (OAM), are considered to be the propitious stepping-stones to overcome the capacity crunch of conventional single-core fibers. We critically review research progress on SDM fibers and network components and we introduce two figures of merit (FoM) aiming in quantitative evaluation of technologies such as amplifiers, fanin/fan-out multiplexers, transmitters, switches, SDM nodes. Results show that SDM fibers achieve an 1185fold (18-fold) Spectral-Spatial Efficiency increase compared to the 276-SMF bundle (single-core fiber) currently installed on the ground. In addition, an analysis of crosstalk in MCFs shows how SDM concepts can be exploited further to fit in various optical networks, such as core, metro and especially future intra-datacenter optical interconnects. Finally, research challenges and future directions are discussed.reinforce diverse future optical network types, such as datacenters and metro/core networks, are demonstrated. Furthermore, we critically review other major networking aspects considering SDM network and node concepts and components, such as SDM Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs), Self-homodyne detection and Multiple Input Multiple Output -Digital Signal Processing (MIMO-DSP) on SDM receivers, routing and core allocation complexity in MCFs as well as multidimensionality and granularity in switching. A study on the inter-core crosstalk interference constraint of MCFs for SDM networks is included. The outcomes of our analysis are specific MCF design rules considering the crosstalk vs fiber core-pitch relation and network link distance with regards to the end application; i.e. 10m to 1km for Intra-DC or tens to hundreds of kilometers for metro/core networks. Different network classes are examined in the light of the outcomes of this analysis, resulting in a complete report on the challenges and the role of SDM in future high-capacity scalable optical networks. Finally, section V discusses challenges, potential use-cases and future directions of SDM.

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125-μm-Cladding Eight-Core Multi-Core Fiber Realizing Ultra-High-Density Cable Suitable for O-Band Short-Reach Optical Interconnects

Cited by 76 publications

References 18 publications

Disaggregated Data Centers: Challenges and Trade-offs

Disaggregated Data Centers: Challenges and Trade-offs

Review of Space-Division Multiplexing Technologies in Optical Communications

Survey and Evaluation of Space Division Multiplexing: From Technologies to Optical Networks

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