14‐3‐3 Family of Proteins: Biological Implications, Molecular Interactions, and Potential Intervention in Cancer, Virus and Neurodegeneration Disorders

Abstract

The 14‐3‐3 family of proteins are highly conserved acidic eukaryotic proteins (25–32 kDa) abundantly present in the body. Through numerous binding partners, the 14‐3‐3 is responsible for many essential cellular pathways, such as cell cycle regulation and gene transcription control. Hence, its dysregulation has been linked to the onset of critical illnesses such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections. Interestingly, explorative studies have revealed an inverse correlation of 14‐3‐3 protein in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and the direct manipulation of 14‐3‐3 by virus to enhance infection capacity has dramatically extended its significance. Of these, COVID‐19 has been linked to the 14‐3‐3 proteins by the interference of the SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid (N) protein during virion assembly. Given its predisposition towards multiple essential host signalling pathways, it is vital to understand the holistic interactions between the 14‐3‐3 protein to unravel its potential therapeutic unit in the future. As such, the general structure and properties of the 14‐3‐3 family of proteins, as well as their known biological functions and implications in cancer, neurodegeneration, and viruses, were covered in this review. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic target of 14‐3‐3 proteins in the associated diseases was discussed.