150 μA 18F− target and beam port upgrade for the IBA 18/9 cyclotron

Simulation, design, and testing of a high power collimator for the RDS-112 cyclotron

“…Copper components, which remain activated long after irradiation, were eliminated in favor of graphite. Graphite has previously been demonstrated to perform well in cyclotron collimators (Stokely et.al, 2010; Ramsey and Carroll, 2003; Dehnel et al, 2005; Theroux et al, 2007). …”

“…This is principally due to improved fluoride reactivity (Satyamurthy et al, 2002) and a significant reduction in ionic and colloidal contaminants when compared to silver targets (Alvord, 1993; Zeisler et al, 2000; Nye et al, 2006; Ferguson et al, 2011). The CF-1000 target was developed to meet the growing need for high power cyclotron targets on RDS systems (Stokely et al, 2010), and it has been implemented in both niobium and tantalum. The authors have observed no significant difference in performance, difficulty of fabrication, or cost.…”

“…This design optimization process, as well as the characterization of the heat transfer coefficients at the target medium to chamber wall interface, has been presented in previous work (Peeples, 2008; Stokely, 2008; Peeples et al, 2011). Other design features, including considerations specific to operation on an RDS-111/Eclipse, have been presented in previous work (Stokely et al, 2010). …”

“…Over time, cyclotron beam output and target design thermal capacity have dramatically increased (Friesel and Antaya, 2009; Stokely et al, 2010). Due to a competitive marketplace, radiopharmacies must produce large amounts of 18 F - and distribute across long distances.…”

“…This goal has been achieved for existing 11–18 MeV cyclotrons by retrofitting high power targets (Stokely et al, 2010; Stokely et al, 2012). These targets may double or triple the productivity of this class of cyclotrons.…”