1H NMR Reveals Dynamic Changes of Primary Metabolites in Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) Juice during Maturation and Ripening

Abstract

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is a tropical fruit that shows an increasing demand from global fresh fruit industries. The fruit is known to have climacteric properties that allow it to achieve ripening during distribution and transportation. However, the metabolic alterations that occur during ripening are poorly understood. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the metabolites in passion fruit juice at different harvesting stages (35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 days after anthesis), employing 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis. A total of 30 metabolites were successfully identified using 1H NMR, the majority of which belong to primary metabolites, consisting of 14 amino acids, 7 sugars and 6 organic acids. Nevertheless, only three secondary metabolites were detected. Analyzing the metabolites using multivariate analysis reveals 13 of the metabolites were highly influential metabolites. These primary metabolites play essential roles in the maturation and ripening of fruit. Glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the shikimate pathway were differentially regulated during maturation and ripening of passion fruit. Profiling the metabolome of fruit during maturation and ripening reveals that all metabolites are interconnected with each other to cause maturation and ripening in passion fruit. This work will enhance the knowledge of physiological changes in purple passion fruit during maturation and ripening.

Characterization of Bioactivity of Selective Molecules in Fruit Wines by FTIR and NMR Spectroscopies, Fluorescence and Docking Calculations

“…Different advanced methods were used for the determination of the quality of fruits and wines. A total of 30 metabolites in ( Passiflora edulis Sims) juice during maturation and ripening were successfully identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), the majority of which belonged to primary metabolites, consisting of 14 amino acids, seven sugars and six organic acids, but mostly dealing with aliphatic part of the shifts [ 11 ]. A 1 H NMR-based metabolomic approach was used for conventionally and organically grown pomegranate fruits, using most essential amino acids, organic acids and phenolic content [ 12 ].…”

Passion Fruit—A Potential Crop for Exploration in Malaysia: A Review

“…There is no specific name to distinguish between the purple and yellow passion fruits in Malaysia since both are called markisa. Morphologically, both fruits are round with leathery skin and contain aromatic, juicy pulp with small black seeds (Md Nor et al, 2022). Purple and yellow passion fruits can be differentiated by the plant's growth performance and fruit properties.…”

Integrated comparative metabolite profiling via NMR and GC–MS analyses for tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia) fingerprinting and quality control analysis

“…In addition, the NMR signal intensities are directly proportional to the corresponding real molar levels of the detected metabolites, which makes NMR an absolute quantitative method without any need for calibration curves of individual analytes. Besides, the comparison of the overall metabolic composition can be performed for different specimens using a data matrix produced from 1 H NMR spectra aided by multivariate models [15][16][17] .…”