29.4 Ultra-Low-Power Atomic Clock for Satellite Constellation with 2.2×10<sup>-12</sup> Long-Term Allan Deviation Using Cesium Coherent Population Trapping

Zhang, Haosheng; Herdian, Hans; Narayanan, Aravind Tharayil; Shirane, Atsushi; Suzuki, Mitsuru; Harasaka, Kazuhiro; Adachi, K.; Yanagimachi, Shinya; Okada, Kei

doi:10.1109/isscc.2019.8662498

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In addition, an excellent temperature stability of ±3×10 −9 is achieved without using oven-controlled temperature stabilization. Fur- [12], -10∼+70 • C for [19], [20], +27∼+65 • C for this work † † With temperature compensation † † † Without temperature compensation. ‡ The CSAC in [19] and [20] are equipped with dedicated magnetic shield, whereas this CSMC is directly exposed to the magnetic shield.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fur- [12], -10∼+70 • C for [19], [20], +27∼+65 • C for this work † † With temperature compensation † † † Without temperature compensation. ‡ The CSAC in [19] and [20] are equipped with dedicated magnetic shield, whereas this CSMC is directly exposed to the magnetic shield. ‡ ‡ The magnetic sensitivity is estimated based on the measured drift at 75 Gauss and on a simplified linear dependency assumption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, their DC power is at watt level in steadystate, and is even higher during start-up. Alternatively, chipscale atomic clocks have been developed [18]- [20]. They are referenced to the electronic transitions of Alkali atoms (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement

Wang

Kim

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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Chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) perform frequency stabilization by referencing to the rotational spectra of polar gaseous molecules. With potentially the "atomic" clock grade stability, cm 3 -level volume and <100 mW DC power, CSMCs are highly-attractive for the synchronization of high speed radio access network (RAN), precise positioning and distributed array sensing. However, the medium/long-term stability of CSMCs is hindered by the transmission baseline tilting due to the uneven frequency response of the spectroscopic system and the molecular cell. To enhance the medium/long-term stability, this paper presents a CSMC architecture locking to the high-oddorder dispersion curve of the 231.061 GHz rotational spectral line of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) molecules, which is selected as the clock reference. A monolithic THz transceiver generates a high-precision, wavelength-modulated probing signal. Then, the wave-molecule interaction inside the molecular cell translates the frequency error between the probing signal and the spectral line center to the periodic intensity fluctuation. Finally, the CSMC locks to the 3 rd -order dispersion curve after a phase-sensitive lock-in detection. In addition, a pair of slot array couplers is employed as an effective chip-to-molecular cell interface. It leads to not only a higher SNR, but also a significantly simplified CSMC package. Implemented on a 65 nm CMOS process, the high-order CSMC presents a measured Allan deviation of 4.3×10 −11 under an averaging time of τ =10 3 s, while consuming 70.4 mW DC power.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement

Wang

Kim

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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“…To overcome this issue, recent advances in Photonics and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have shown the possibility of creating lowpower and small-volume atomic clocks. Zhang et al [72], for instance, developed a low-power, miniaturized atomic clock system with a cesium gas cell by using laser and advanced complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. The prototype achieved a long-term Allan deviation of 2.2×10 −12 (10 5 s) stability and a short-term Allan deviation below 8.4×10 −11 (1s) stability.…”

Section: ) Clock On Boardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Through Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites: A Survey on Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities

et al. 2022

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More and more satellites are populating the sky nowadays in the Low Earth orbits (LEO). Most of the targeted applications are related to broadband and narrowband communications, Earth observation, synthetic aperture radar, and internet-of-Things (IoT) connectivity. In addition to these targeted applications, there is yet-to-be-harnessed potential for LEO and positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems, or what is nowadays referred to as LEO-PNT. No commercial LEO-PNT solutions currently exist and there is no unified research on LEO-PNT concepts. Our survey aims to fill the gaps in knowledge regarding what a LEO-PNT system entails, its technical design steps and challenges, what physical layer parameters are viable solutions, what tools can be used for a LEO-PNT design (e.g., optimisation steps, hardware and software simulators, etc.), the existing models of wireless channels for satellite-toground and ground-to-satellite propagation, and the commercial prospects of a future LEO-PNT system. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary survey is provided by a team of authors with complementary expertise in wireless communications, signal processing, navigation and tracking, physics, machine learning, Earth observation, remote sensing, digital economy, and business models.

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A 68-dB Isolation 1.0-dB Loss Compact CMOS SPDT RF Switch Utilizing Switched Resonance Network

Wang

et al. 2020

2020 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS)

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29.4 Ultra-Low-Power Atomic Clock for Satellite Constellation with 2.2×10^-12 Long-Term Allan Deviation Using Cesium Coherent Population Trapping

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement

A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement

Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Through Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites: A Survey on Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities

A 68-dB Isolation 1.0-dB Loss Compact CMOS SPDT RF Switch Utilizing Switched Resonance Network

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29.4 Ultra-Low-Power Atomic Clock for Satellite Constellation with 2.2×10-12 Long-Term Allan Deviation Using Cesium Coherent Population Trapping

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement

A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement

Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Through Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites: A Survey on Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities

A 68-dB Isolation 1.0-dB Loss Compact CMOS SPDT RF Switch Utilizing Switched Resonance Network

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29.4 Ultra-Low-Power Atomic Clock for Satellite Constellation with 2.2×10^-12 Long-Term Allan Deviation Using Cesium Coherent Population Trapping