2D:4D, Optimism, and Risk Taking

Barel, Efrat

doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9598-4

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In the same direction, other research has shown that a low digit ratio is associated with anger, hostility, physical aggression (and verbal aggression approaching significance), total sensation seeking, thrill and adventure seeking [ 76 ], less precautionary behavior [ 36 , 37 ], and with risk taking in women [ 77 ]. This last observation is supported with data showing that in women, optimism might moderate the association between right 2D:4D and financial risk taking [ 78 ]. Therefore, although more studies should be carried out, we can speculate that higher levels of prenatal testosterone in women could lead to a lower emotional stability, and also a lower impulse control, which could increase the risk of ADHD, aggression and other disruptive behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Emotional stability is related to 2D:4D and social desirability in women: Possible implications on subjective well-being and psychopathology

et al. 2021

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Emotional stability-Neuroticism is a complex construct influenced by genetics and environmental factors. Women tend to exhibit higher neuroticism scores than men, which may be associated with an increased risk of suffering from some common mental conditions. Some authors have pointed out the influence of sex hormones, since they induce sexual differentiation of the brain that can lead to sex-specific behaviors. 2D:4D digit ratio is commonly used as a marker of prenatal sex hormones. In this study we analyzed whether there was an association between 2D:4D and personality measured through the BFQ in a homogeneous sample of 101 young women college students. We found a positive association between 2D:4D and emotional stability, as well as with its subdimensions emotion control and impulse control. This association could be quadratic and nonlinear. However, no association was found with the other four dimensions. We also measured anxiety, depression and global life satisfaction, variables related to neuroticism. We observed that emotional stability is positively associated to social desirability and global life satisfaction, and negatively related to anxiety and depression. On the other hand, we did not find any association between 2D:4D and anxiety, depression, and global life satisfaction. These results can be linked to other aspects such as subjective well-being and psychopathological symptoms. This study may help to better understand how these constructs are related and could lead to future projects to elucidated how these variables influence personality.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Emotional stability is related to 2D:4D and social desirability in women: Possible implications on subjective well-being and psychopathology

et al. 2021

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“…So, 2D:4D would be considered as a substitute marker for prenatal androgen exposition. Therefore, the 2D:4D ratio seems to be related to the individual personological features, as well as there is also increasing evidence that individuals with lower digit ratios, suggesting higher prenatal testosterone exposure, tend to report more general risk taking than who shows lower prenatal testosterone exposure (Kim, Kim & Kim, 2014; Barel, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk-taking behavior, the second-to-fourth digit ratio and psychological features in a sample of cavers

Rinella

Buscemi²,

Massimino

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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BackgroundThe risk-taking behavior is largely modulated by the subject’s history, its lifestyles, by the characteristics of the situations with which it is compared, and also by the effects of prenatal androgens. Thus, the personality of the single person is a significant predictor of such way of acting.MethodsThe present study aimed to explore the relationship between Digit Ratio Measurement (2D:4D) and personality factors capable to be good predictors for choosing highly risky activities, such as caving. Furthermore, our purpose was to investigate whether 2D:4D ratio is related to cavers’ affective states and to assess the personological and emotional features of 34 healthy cavers, aged between 24 and 71 years (M = 39.70, SD = 9.81).ResultsData analysis showed several significant correlations between 2D:4D and Deliberate Risk Taking (RTI) and Precautionary Behavior (RTI), confirming that 2D:4D is a reliable index able to predict risk-taking behaviors. Furthermore, data analysis showed that Conscientiousness and its sub-dimension Scrupulousness (BFQ-2) are recurrent among significant correlations; in particular, the latter reports negative correlations with many factors of POMS. Moreover, all participants seemed to have a good attitude to collaboration, in terms of goal-direct strategy, and an adequate management of negative affective states, useful to maintaining a good level of stress within the group. Finally, the BFQ-2 factor Openness to culture seemed to be a predominant feature in the cavers, and this feature could be considered as predictive in the choice of an activity, such as caving, which requires curiosity, perseverance and a great planning of cave exploration.

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“…The period of the prenatal testosterone peak takes place at the time of the early brain maturation, which may play an important role in the formation of the sexual dimorphism of human brain structures [ 68 – 71 ] and concomitant behavior. Of particular interest, within the scope of the current study, are findings on associations between the digit ratio and personality traits [ 72 ], including aggression at various stages of life history [ 73 – 77 ], risk-taking [ 78 – 81 ], higher physical aggression in adult men, but not women [ 73 , 82 ], as well as adolescent boys but not girls [ 15 , 17 ]. Data from various studies pointed on the mutual influence of oxytocin and testosterone systems on the development of social cognition in humans [ 83 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs53576) and digit ratio associates with aggression: comparison in seven ethnic groups

Butovskaya

Rostovtseva

Butovskaya

et al. 2020

J Physiol Anthropol

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Background The specific role of the oxytocin receptor ( OXTR ) gene polymorphisms in emotional support seeking, related to social norms and culturally normative behavior, has been discussed in several studies. Evidence on the association between aggression and OXTR polymorphisms has also been reported. The goal of the current study was to analyze the effect of the OXTR rs53576 polymorphism, prenatal testosterone effect (second-to-fourth digit ratio, or 2D:4D), and culture on aggression assessed with the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Methods The data were collected in Russia and Tanzania and included seven ethnic groups of European, Asian, and African origin. The total sample included 1705 adults (837 males, 868 females). All the subjects were evaluated with the BPAQ. As a measure of prenatal androgenization, the second and fourth digits were measured directly from hand, and the digit ratios were calculated. All the participants provided buccal samples, from which genomic DNA was extracted, and the OXTR gene rs53576 polymorphism was genotyped. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0; the alpha level for all analyses was set at 0.05. Results The ethnic group factor was the most significant predictor of ratings on BPAQ (medium effect size for physical aggression, anger and hostility scales, and low for verbal aggression). To study the effect of sex, the OXTR polymorphism, and prenatal androgenization, we conducted the z -score transformation for BPAQ scales and 2D:4D for each ethnic group and pooled these data into new z -score variables. According to the GLM analysis after leveling the effects of culture (z-transformation), all four scales of BPAQ demonstrated association with sex (main effects), with men scoring higher on physical and verbal aggression and women scoring higher on anger and hostility. Anger and hostility scales were also associated with OXTR polymorphism and 2D:4D of the right hand. The lowest levels of anger and hostility were observed in individuals with the AA genotype, especially in men. Conclusions Our data suggest that both oxytocin ( OXTR gene polymorphism) and fetal testosterone (2D:4D) may significantly affect emotional (anger) and cognitive (hostility) aggression in humans, given the leveling the role of culture.

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2D:4D, Optimism, and Risk Taking

Cited by 15 publications

References 54 publications

Emotional stability is related to 2D:4D and social desirability in women: Possible implications on subjective well-being and psychopathology

Emotional stability is related to 2D:4D and social desirability in women: Possible implications on subjective well-being and psychopathology

Risk-taking behavior, the second-to-fourth digit ratio and psychological features in a sample of cavers

Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs53576) and digit ratio associates with aggression: comparison in seven ethnic groups

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