2D and 3D presentation of spatial data: A systematic review

Dübel, Steve; Röhlig, Martin; Schumann, Heidrun; Trapp, Matthias

doi:10.1109/3dvis.2014.7160094

Cited by 60 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In this section we explore the design space of 3D OD flow maps. Dübel et al [17] categorize geospatial visualizations based on whether the reference space (i. e. the map or surface) is shown in 2D or 3D and whether the abstract attribute is shown in 2D or 3D. In the case of flow maps, this categorization implies the design space has two orthogonal components: the representation of flow and the representation of geographic region.…”

Section: Design Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Origin-Destination Flow Maps in Immersive Environments

Yang

Dwyer

Jenny

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics

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Immersive virtual- and augmented-reality headsets can overlay a flat image against any surface or hang virtual objects in the space around the user. The technology is rapidly improving and may, in the long term, replace traditional flat panel displays in many situations. When displays are no longer intrinsically flat, how should we use the space around the user for abstract data visualisation? In this paper, we ask this question with respect to origin-destination flow data in a global geographic context. We report on the findings of three studies exploring different spatial encodings for flow maps. The first experiment focuses on different 2D and 3D encodings for flows on flat maps. We find that participants are significantly more accurate with raised flow paths whose height is proportional to flow distance but fastest with traditional straight line 2D flows. In our second and third experiment we compared flat maps, 3D globes and a novel interactive design we call MapsLink, involving a pair of linked flat maps. We find that participants took significantly more time with MapsLink than other flow maps while the 3D globe with raised flows was the fastest, most accurate, and most preferred method. Our work suggests that careful use of the third spatial dimension can resolve visual clutter in complex flow maps.

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Section: Design Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). Following Dübel et al [17] we separate the design space into two orthogonal components: the representation of flow, e.g. straight or curved lines in 2 or 3D, and the representation of the geographic reference space, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin-Destination Flow Maps in Immersive Environments

Yang

Dwyer

Jenny

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics

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“…Rendering map elements more efficiently is an important research target for satisfying both the visualization requirements and the demand for 2D/3D integrated information acquisition (Konecny 2011, Semmo et al 2012, Dübel et al 2014, Roth 2013. In the context of the vast increase in data volume and real-time data (since the Big Data era has arrived), the problem of inefficiency has become more significant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A function-based linear map symbol building and rendering method using shader language

Yue

Yang

Chen

et al. 2015

International Journal of Geographical Information Science

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Maps are widely used to visualize geo-information so that map users can develop related understandings about the real world. Such a process for communicating information is largely dependent on the rendering of map elements using different symbols (points and linear and area symbols). To meet the demand of more dynamic and comprehensive visualization in map rendering, it is essential to improve the rendering efficiency. This paper focuses on these research topics, especially the difficulty in constructing and drawing linear map symbols. By employing shader language, a function-based linear symbol building and rendering method is presented in this paper. The basic idea of this function-based method is to build a map-rendering solution that employs graphic processing unit (GPU) acceleration technology to improve the rendering efficiency. A 'function' is used to represent the algorithm that draws certain simple or complex linear map symbols. This function reflects the structure of a linear map symbol (describing the symbol construction information) and also the rendering process of the symbolized linear map elements (handled on a per-pixel basis by the shader program). Based on the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) specifications, four basic line types (i.e., solid lines, dashed lines, gradient color lines, and transition lines) are implemented in the proposed method, and the implementation of line markers, line joins and line caps is also discussed. Three experiments are conducted to demonstrate improvements in map rendering. The results show that a variety of linear map symbols can be constructed in a uniform way, which suggests that the proposed method addresses the difficulty in drawing linear map symbols. With this method, the efficiency of rendering linear map elements is substantially improved compared to using the graphics device interface plus (GDI+) and anti-grain geometry (AGG) methods; it also provides an applicable approach for developing map rendering systems. Using this function-based concept, the complexity of building linear map symbols and drawing linear map elements can be decreased.

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“…Thus, we will not go into detail of specific visualization techniques. Instead, we refer to the survey of presentation methods for geo-spatial data given in [20] and to the comprehensive books about visualizing spatial data by Andrienko and Andrienko [21] and Kraak and Ormeling [22].…”

Section: Terrain and Geo-spatial Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of Features in 3D Terrain

Dübel

Schumann

2017

IJGI

Self Cite

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Abstract:In 3D terrain analysis, topographical characteristics, such as mountains or valleys, and geo-spatial data characteristics, such as specific weather conditions or objects of interest, are important features. Visual representations of these features are essential in many application fields, e.g., aviation, meteorology, or geo-science. However, creating suitable representations is challenging. On the one hand, conveying the topography of terrain models is difficult, due to data complexity and computational costs. On the other hand, depicting further geo-spatial data increases the intricacy of the image and can lead to visual clutter. Moreover, perceptional issues within the 3D presentation, such as distance recognition, play a significant role as well. In this paper, we address the question of how features in the terrain can be visualized appropriately. We discuss various design options to facilitate the awareness of global and local features; that is, the coarse spatial distribution of characteristics and the fine-granular details. To improve spatial perception of the 3D environment, we propose suitable depth cues. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by a sophisticated framework called TEDAVIS that unifies the proposed concepts and facilitates designing visual terrain representations tailored to user requirements.

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2D and 3D presentation of spatial data: A systematic review

Cited by 60 publications

References 48 publications

Origin-Destination Flow Maps in Immersive Environments

Origin-Destination Flow Maps in Immersive Environments

A function-based linear map symbol building and rendering method using shader language

Visualization of Features in 3D Terrain

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