2D MXene‐Based Biosensing: A Review

Amara, Umay; Hussain, Iftikhar; Ahmad, Muhmmad; Zhang, Kaili

doi:10.1002/smll.202205249

Cited by 91 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 440 publications

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“…A combination of unique properties including rich chemistry, optical absorbance, metallic conductivity, redox trait, excellent electron transfer capability along with high hydrophilicity, and acceptable bio compatibility are unique features of MXenes for the develop ment of biosensors for in vitro and in vivo analyses. [25] For instance, the changes in the surface terminations of MXenes through interactions with different molecules (such as various redox agents) lead to significant variations in MXenes proper ties. [26,27] The pH and nearinfrared (NIR)responsive behavior makes them suitable candidates for fabrication of controllable MXenebased drug delivery systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MXenes Antibacterial Properties and Applications: A Review and Perspective

Seidi

Shamsabadi

Firouzjaei

et al. 2023

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115

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The mutations of bacteria due to the excessive use of antibiotics, and generation of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria have made the development of new antibacterial compounds a necessity. MXenes have emerged as biocompatible transition metal carbide structures with extensive biomedical applications. This is related to the MXenes’ unique combination of properties, including multifarious elemental compositions, 2D‐layered structure, large surface area, abundant surface terminations, and excellent photothermal and photoelectronic properties. The focus of this review is the antibacterial application of MXenes, which has attracted the attention of researchers since 2016. A quick overview of the synthesis strategies of MXenes is provided and then summarizes the effect of various factors (including structural properties, optical properties, surface charges, flake size, and dispersibility) on the biocidal activity of MXenes. The main mechanisms for deactivating bacteria by MXenes are discussed in detail including rupturing of the bacterial membrane by sharp edges of MXenes nanoflakes, generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photothermal deactivating of bacteria. Hybridization of MXenes with other organic and inorganic materials can result in materials with improved biocidal activities for different applications such as wound dressings and water purification. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of MXene nanomaterials as biocidal agents are presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MXenes Antibacterial Properties and Applications: A Review and Perspective

Seidi

Shamsabadi

Firouzjaei

et al. 2023

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115

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“…To elucidate the role of the sulfonyl and hydroxyl groups in HEPES buffer, MXenes were also solubilized in the HEPES–analogue solutions of piperazine and 1-2-(hydroxyethyl) piperazine (1-2-HEP). Nitrogen containing buffer and biological molecules are ubiquitous in biological systems, and their presence could impact MXene chemical stability and performance in a multitude of biological applications, for example, electrochemical and plasmonic biosensors − and photothermal and drug delivery technologies. − ,, Our study shows that MXenes interact with N-substituted biological buffer molecules and that these interactions impact the structural and functional properties of MXenes, most importantly their electrical conductivity. This study is an important step in understanding the behavior of MXenes in biological solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Interactions of Ti₃C₂ MXene with Aqueous Zwitterionic Biological Buffers: Implications for Applications in Biological Systems

Ambade

Kesner

Abdel-Rahman

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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MXenes, a family of ultrathin layered two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, are steadily advancing as novel inorganic nanosystems for a broad range of applications. While high conductivity, solution processability, hydrophilic nature, and the presence of various surface functional groups enable the use of 2D MXenes in aqueous systems, applications that involve the use of MXenes in aqueous systems and biological solutions, including but not limited to water treatment, water desalination, and biological assays, are only beginning to emerge. For the successful application of MXene in aqueous systems, their interactions with common aqueous solution constituents must be better understood. This paper describes the structural and functional properties of Ti 3 C 2 T x (Tx = O − , OH − , F − ) MXenes in N-substituted commonly used biological buffers like N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-N′-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and 3-(N-morpholino)-propane sulfonic acid (MOPS) and with a series of piperazine-based molecules dissolved in phosphate buffer solutions. Dissolving MXenes in these buffers significantly impacts their optical, structural, and electrical properties. The interactions of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes with N-substituted zwitterionic buffer molecules are structure-dependent and mostly but not fully reversible. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveal small but measurable surface oxidation through the formation of Ti−O bonds. Our results suggest a complex interaction pattern where some interactions are driven by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic forces, while others involve chemisorption, which results in a permanent impact on the MXene nanosheets. This study is an important step toward understanding the stability of MXenes in complex aqueous media and the impact of interactions of MXenes with nitrogen-containing molecules on MXene properties, which are especially important in applications of MXenes in biological systems. The nature of interactions between MXenes and biological buffer molecules, revealed in our study, suggests that surface chemistry modifications of MXenes are required to preserve their chemical stability and enable their applications in complex biological solutions.

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“…175 Furthermore, these functional groups serve as analyte species' active sites. 176 However, the extremely small band gap of MXene, which results in a low gas response, continues to be a significant barrier for gas sensors. 177 To mitigate this effect, MXene can be hybridized with other 2D materials, such as rGO, which increases the band gap of MXene from 1.05 to 1.57 eV during the formation of MXene/rGO hybrid fibers.…”

Section: D Materials-based Wearable Gas Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%