2D MXene Nanomaterials for Versatile Biomedical Applications: Current Trends and Future Prospects

Abstract

and likely recurrence. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more effective treatment methods. With the in depth study of the various dynamics and heterogeneous characteristics of cancer, a new type of "nanobiomedicine" that combines imaging diagnostic methods and effective tumorremoving therapeutic drugs have garnered significant attention. Nanobiomedicine refers to the application of nanomaterials in the field of biomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In recent years, many nanomaterials combined with biological therapy have appeared. Among them, 2D nanomaterials have stood out in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and have become one of the most valuable materials for nanomedicine applications. [1][2][3] 2D nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention because of their fewlayer nanostructures, large lateral planar structures, and unique physical and chemical properties. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on various 2D nanomaterial systems for biomedical applications. 2D nanomaterials include graphene, transition metal disulfide, black phosphorus, layered double hydroxide, palladium, hexagonal boron nitride, 2D transition metal-carbon (nitrogen) compounds, and other materials. [2] Their surface area, unique surface chemical functions, and inherent optical properties make them suitable for a variety of applications in nanobiomedicine. Previous studies showed that 2D nanomaterials can be used for drug and gene loading, drug delivery, [4,5] photothermal therapy (PTT), [6] diagnostic imaging, [7] and other applications. [8] MXenes have been extensively studied as novel 2D nanomaterials. They are a large class of 2D nanomaterials with planar structures, including transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. In 2011, Ti 3 C 2 T x , which was the earliest synthesized MXene material, developed from the MAX phase of Ti 3 AlC 2 . [3] MXenes show great potential for application in the field of biomedicine, including in PTT, diagnostic imaging, and biosensing, because the 2D nano-planar structure renders them rich in anchor points. Thus, they act as excellent drug delivery agents for carrying cancer-targeting drug molecules or other proteins. Besides, MXenes exhibit strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption, electronic transparency, and X-ray attenuation abilities. They have adjustable designs and strategies for the synthesis of the original structure of the MAX phase. MXenes can also reduce cytotoxicity and enhance biological stability and histocompatibility through surface modification, which provides the possibility of in vivo applications. [9] Research on 2D nanomaterials is still in its early stages. Most studies have focused on elucidating the unique properties of the materials, whereas only few reports have described the biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials. Recently, important questions about the interaction of 2D MXene nanomaterials with biological components have been raised. 2D MXenes are monolayer atomic nanosheets derived from MAX phase ceramics. As a new t...

Ionic liquid exfoliated Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets for photoacoustic imaging and synergistic photothermal/chemotherapy of cancer

“…2h shows the energy spectra of the F 1s nuclear level, in which curve fittings were performed at 684.0 eV (C–Ti–F). 8,9,40…”

“…The MXene materials not only have important applications in the fields of energy storage and sensing devices but have broad application prospects in the field of biomedicine. 6–9…”

Safety Assessment of 2D MXenes: In Vitro and In Vivo

“…In addition, the preparation of MXenes is relatively easy and can be readily scaled up. These properties make MXenes valuable to a variety of fields, including supercapacitors [ 4 ], catalysis [ 5 ], sensors [ 6 ], electrochemical energy storage [ 2 ], optoelectronics [ 7 ], environmental remediation [ 8 , 9 ], electromagnetic interference shielding [ 10 ] and biomedicine [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Photo‐Activated Nanofibrous Membrane with Self‐Rechargeable Antibacterial Function for Stubborn Infected Cutaneous Regeneration

“…[35][36][37][38] Moreover, Ag 3 PO 4 is a remarkable semiconductor and can be soluble in water to release Ag + and PO 4 3− , which affects MIT and promotes cell proliferation. [39][40][41] Therefore, the MX@AgP bio-HJs, which possess the synergistic antibacterial effect of PTT/PDT/MIT, are constructed. Nevertheless, in in vivo antimicrobial applications, a superabundant concentration of Ag + ions may accumulate in the organs and cause irreversible damage.…”