3‐D Interdigitated electrodes for uniform stimulation of electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

Jackson, Nathan; Cordero, Nicolás; Stam, Frank

doi:10.1002/polb.23368

Cited by 11 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Based on these results an ideal IDT electrode would expand/shrink with the hydrogel, however this is difficult to achieve. Previous results demonstrated that an electrical bias does not significantly affect the swelling equilibrium level, as the ERH swells normally, once the biased is removed [9].The overall results from the in vitro electro-actuation experiment validate the concept that an IDT electrode configuration can slow down expansion of the hydrogel. Therefore, an IDT electrode configuration integrated into a delivery system could be used for operations that require longer insertion times.…”

Section: A Characterization Of Electro-responsive Hydrogelsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…The dried samples were 3 mm in diameter where as the IDT electrodes have a configuration diameter of approximately 6 mm. The depth of the electric-field from the IDT in this case was previously shown to be shallow [9]. As the hydrogel expands it becomes closer to the electrodes thus increasing the impact of the applied electrical bias.…”

Section: A Characterization Of Electro-responsive Hydrogelmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The IDT electrode configuration creates a uniform electric field, allowing the hydrogel to expand/deswell radially. The IDT electrode device was previously validated [9]. The device consists of 500 µm diameter Pt electrodes that are equally spaced every 45°.…”

Section: Electroactuation Of Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ERH bends while between two sheet electrodes of opposite potential [17]. Recently it has been shown that an interdigitated (IDT) electrode array can be used to create a uniform cylindrical deswelling [9]. Therefore, the possibility of slowing down the expansion of a cylindrical ERH during implantation is feasible.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another application which is currently being investigated uses the hydrogel's ability to expand significantly in order to create an occlusion in a blood vessel [9]. Smart hydrogels have previously been used as valves in fluidic devices [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cardiovascular Occlusion Method Based on the Use of a Smart Hydrogel

Jackson

Verbrugghe

Cuypers

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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1 Abstract-Smart hydrogels for biomedical applications are highly researched materials. However, integrating them into a device for implantation is difficult. This paper investigates an integrated delivery device designed to deliver an electroresponsive hydrogel to a target location inside a blood vessel with the purpose of creating an occlusion. The paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a Pluronic/methacrylic acid sodium salt electro-responsive hydrogel. Application of an electrical bias decelerates the expansion of the hydrogel. An integrated delivery system was manufactured to deliver the hydrogel to the target location in the body. Ex vivo and in vivo experiments in the carotid artery of sheep were used to validate the concept. The hydrogel was able to completely occlude the blood vessel reducing the blood flow from 245 ml/min to 0 ml/min after implantation. Ex vivo experiments showed that the hydrogel was able to withstand physiological blood pressures of > 270 mmHg without dislodgement. The results showed that the electro-responsive hydrogel used in this paper can be used to create a long-term occlusion in a blood vessel without any apparent side effects. The delivery system developed is a promising device for the delivery of electro-responsive hydrogels.

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Section: A Characterization Of Electro-responsive Hydrogelsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: A Characterization Of Electro-responsive Hydrogelmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Electroactuation Of Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cardiovascular Occlusion Method Based on the Use of a Smart Hydrogel

Jackson

Verbrugghe

Cuypers

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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Electromechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Infused Polyacrylamide Hydrogel

et al. 2014

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Typically, electroresponsive hydrogels have either a high electrical conductivity with little swelling or large swelling with low conductivity. This paper investigates a method of maintaining high swelling capabilities and increasing electrical conductivity by infusing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into a hydrolyzed polyacrylamide hydrogel. Various concentrations of MWCNT and Nafion solutions infused into the hydrogel were investigated. Optical microscopy analysis showed aggregates of carbon nanotube bundles at the macroscale, whereas electron microscopy revealed homogeneous dispersion of carbon nanotube in the polymer matrix at the microscale. Electrical conductivity measurements demonstrated an increase from 0.02 to 0.11 mS cm -1 with infused MWCNT. The MWCNT-infused hydrogels demonstrated a 400% increase in deswelling capabilities during an applied electrical stimulus compared to a noninfused hydrogel. In conclusion, infusing the MWCNT into the hydrogel increased its electrical conductivity, which allows the hydrogel to deswell more rapidly with an applied electrical bias without compromising its mechanical or swelling properties. C

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Optimization of electrical stimulation parameters for electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

Jackson

Stam

2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Electro-responsive hydrogels (ERH) are highly researched materials for biomedical applications. However, most of the research is concentrated on the synthesis of novel hydrogels for various applications, and little effort has been made to investigate electrode configuration and optimization of electrical stimulation parameters. This article used a three-dimensional interdigitated (IDT) electrode configuration device to investigate the optimization of electrical actuation parameters in order to radially deswell an ERH. A Pluronic-bismethacrylate hydrogel modified with hydrolyzed methacrylic acid was used as the ERH material. This article reports on using novel electro-actuation parameters and electrode configurations to maximize radial deswelling of an ERH for biomedical applications. The optimal waveform was assessed for, varying electrode spacing's, voltages, duty cycles, and frequencies. The results show that a maximum deswelling occurred with a DC pulsed monophasic waveform, with IDT electrodes spaced close enough to create a relatively uniform electric field, with a peak voltage of 5 V at 1 kHz, and 50% duty cycle. This resulted in a deswelling of 320% in Krebs solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results show that the impedance is dependent on the ionic concentration of the fluid environment and that the impedance decreases with increasing frequency.

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3‐D Interdigitated electrodes for uniform stimulation of electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

A Cardiovascular Occlusion Method Based on the Use of a Smart Hydrogel

A Cardiovascular Occlusion Method Based on the Use of a Smart Hydrogel

Electromechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Infused Polyacrylamide Hydrogel

Optimization of electrical stimulation parameters for electro‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications

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