3-D Visualization in the Gravel Placement Process

Abstract

A visualization software tool has been developed to aid in the analysis of the numerical output generated by a 3-D gravel pack simulator. The tool provides animated 3-D graphics showing the condition of moving fluids and the progress of gravel placement within the wellbore. The advantages, limitations, and pitfalls in implementing the 3-D visualization for analysis of gravel pack simulation results are addressed.

The effects of the additives, calcination and leach conditions for alumina production from red mud

“…The red mud is a by-product in the manufacture of alumina that contains mainly iron oxide (30-50%) with significant amounts of silica, alumina, calcium oxide and titania, dispersed in a highly alkaline and caustic liquor [1,2]. The treatment and disposal of bauxite residue is a major operation and may account for 30-50% of operations in an alumina refinery [1]. The red mud has been accumulated at a rate of 30 million tonnes annually throughout the world [3].…”

“…For a given aluminum production rate, the quantity of the red mud generated during the aluminum extraction process varies significantly depending on the original properties of the bauxite and the operating conditions of the Bayer process, and in particular, the process temperature [4]. Depending on the factors, between 1 and 2.5 tonnes of bauxite residue is generated per tonne of alumina produced [1]. The disposal of the red mud is associated with pollution problems.…”