3-Dimensional Calculations on Smelting Electrodes

Innvær, Reidar; Fidje, Knut; Sira, Terje

doi:10.4173/mic.1987.2.3

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Axisymmetric models will capture the skin effect, given that the AC formulation is used, but they will not capture proximity effects between electrodes. In addition to the axisymmetric models, 3D single-electrode models have been investigated numerically, both for Søderberg and composite ELSA electrodes (McDougall et al, 2004;Innvaer, Fidje, and Sira, 1985;Meyjes, Venter, and van Rooyen, 2010;Bermúdez, Rodriguez, and Salgado, 2005;Jonsson and Ingason, 1998). These models typically focus on the electrical, thermal, and mechanical conditions in, and close to, the baking zone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

3D models of proximity effects in large FeSi and FeMn furnaces

Herland

Sparta

Halvorsen

2018

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

3D models of proximity effects in large FeSi and FeMn furnaces

Herland

Sparta

Halvorsen

2018

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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“…Various aspects of Søderberg electrode operation have been investigated, both numerically and analytically, over the years. The temperature distribution within Søderberg electrodes has been studied numerically by [21] and [37], matching observations made by Elkem [23]. More recently, in [35] a Comsol model was used to determine that the steel fins fitted in the casing are indispensable for its heating profile, as the heat conduction by the steel fins counteracts the Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

Locating the Baking Isotherm in a Søderberg Electrode: Analysis of a Moving Thermistor Model

Gorder¹,

Kamilova²,

Birkeland³

et al. 2021

SIAM J. Appl. Math.

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Søderberg electrodes feature prominently in the operation of metallurgical electrical furnaces. The electrode material must bake before entering the furnace; failure to bake will lower the efficiency of the process, and may cause physical harm to the furnace itself through a soft breakage. As such, ensuring that the baking isotherm remains within the region of the electrode outside of the furnace is essential. We propose a mathematical model for a Søderberg electrode taking into account the heat, mass, and current transfer mechanisms at play, along with realistic boundary conditions on the outside of the electrode that are strongly heterogeneous in height. The resulting model describes a strongly heterogeneous cylindrical "thermistor" which moves slowly downward and is acted on by current clamps which provide Joule heating. Although it is often ignored in the literature on thermistor problems, we find that the Péclet number resulting from the downward motion strongly influences the position of the baking isotherm. Aside from some specific reductions leading to analytical solutions, the general form of the model is complicated enough to require numerical simulations. Still, our modeling approach provides us with a qualitative understanding of many aspects of the Søderberg electrode baking process, and permits us to identify three parameters of key importance to the positioning of the baking isotherm. In particular, our results suggest desired ranges for the the lowering rate of the electrode (in terms of a Péclet number), the radius of the electrode, and the strength of the Joule heating due to an applied current, which are the three aspects which may be controlled (to varying degrees) in industrial applications.

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“…Submerged arc furnaces typically have three electrodes in a delta configuration or up to 6 in-line electrodes. Söderberg electrodes can be up to 2 m in diameter with 150 kA current load in modern furnaces [24,25]. Electrode tip temperatures in a ferrosilicon production can exceed 2400 °C [26].…”

Section: Söderberg Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Biocarbon Substitutes in Electrodes and Refractories for the Metallurgical Industries

White,

Renau,

Glaser

2024

J. Sustain. Metall.

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The chemical and thermophysical properties of carbon make it essentially irreplaceable for non-reductant uses in many high-temperature metallurgical processes. At present, biocarbon substitutes are not technically feasible for large-scale application in electrode and refractory materials that are such vital consumables in the steel, aluminum, and non-ferrous metal industries. Carbon electrodes of all types, including Söderberg, prebaked, and anodes/cathodes for Al, graphite electrodes, as well as carbon lining pastes are all similar in that they are comprised of a granular carbon aggregate bonded in a carbon-based binder matrix. Similarly, refractories such as MgO–C utilize both natural (mined) graphite and carbon-based binders. Replacement of fossil carbon materials with biocarbon substitutes has the potential to dramatically reduce the carbon footprints of these products. However, there are considerable materials engineering challenges that must be surmounted. The technological demands for these applications and potential for substitution with biogenic carbon are explored. Graphical Abstract

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3-Dimensional Calculations on Smelting Electrodes

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

3D models of proximity effects in large FeSi and FeMn furnaces

3D models of proximity effects in large FeSi and FeMn furnaces

Locating the Baking Isotherm in a Søderberg Electrode: Analysis of a Moving Thermistor Model

A Review of Biocarbon Substitutes in Electrodes and Refractories for the Metallurgical Industries

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