3D cephalometry and artificial intelligence

Abstract

Orthodontists today work more and more in a three-dimensional (3D) universe with cone-beam examinations occurring more frequently, now supplemented by digital prints and 3D portraits.So far these documents are used primarily as esthetic imagery; superimposition techniques, issued from geometric morphometrics, allow a pseudoquantified approach.The implementation of true cephalic biometrics requires consideration of the complete craniofacial set at different anatomical levels (alveolodental/basic bone/frame or overall architecture) and in three dimensions. It must lead to a quantified description of the anatomy, dysmorphism, and the necessary therapy to correct it.A parametric approach is needed to choose the landmarking, the definition of the orthogonal reference, the definition, and selection of parameters.Given the number of parameters required for a description without fault, the use of a simple tool with artificial intelligence is inevitable. KEYWORDS 3D cephalometry, 3D biometrics, dental landmarks, bone markers, choice of parameters, artificial intelligenceArticle available at https://www.jdao-journal.org or https://doi.org/10.1051/odfen/2018117 Faure J., Oueiss A., Treil J., Chen S., Wong V., Inglese J.-M. 3D cephalometry and artificial intelligence

Development, Application, and Performance of Artificial Intelligence in Cephalometric Landmark Identification and Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

“…Overall, the AI algorithm architecture (CNN, ANN) showed promising results in cephalometric landmark detection and analysis compared with human subjects, as shown in Table 1 . Moreover, 19 articles [ 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] were excluded from this review, as shown in Supplementary Table S1 .…”