“…Tissue samples and cell culture Tissue of 24 VS, surgically resected in the Department of Neurosurgery of the University Hospital Würzburg, was collected from January 2018 until July 2019. Half of each sample was embedded in para n for immunohistochemistry, the other half was processed for primary cell culture as described elsewhere [5]. Brie y, the fresh tumor samples were washed three times with ice-cold HBSS +/+ (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA), shred into 0.2 × 0.2 cm small pieces and digested with 1.7 mg/ml dispase (PluriSTEM, Millipore, Massachusetts, USA) and 1.5 mg/ml collagenase (Sigma, Munich, Germany) in 6 ml VS-medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin (all from Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA), 0.35% Glucose (B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany), 8 nM Heregulin (Stemcell Technologies, Cologne, Germany), 0.5 mM IBMX and 0.25 µg/ml insulin (both from Sigma, Munich, Germany)) for 17 h at 37°C and 5% CO 2 .…”