3D render volume CT reconstruction of the bones and arteries of the hind digit of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Abstract

Background The 3D computed tomography produces detailed images of the digit bones in addition to the angiograph render volume 3D of the CT shows the relation between the arteries, bones, and tissues of the digit. Therefore, the present study used those imaging techniques to provide a complete description of the digit bones and arteries’ origin, distribution, and course and their relations with surrounding structures in the Dromedary Camel. Which would serve as a guide for surgeons and students in distinguishing normal digit structures. The study used eight hind limbs of four adult camels of both sexes (two males and two females), aged 9–15 years (Mean ± SD, 11.80 ± 2.59 years). The samples were injected with latex with lead oxide were undergone 3D render volume CT (128-slice multi-detector CT scanning protocol) and angiography x-rays. Results The blood vessels and correlated structures such as bones, tendons, and ligaments were examined using 3D CT in all directions, which was easier to view than angiography and dissected specimens. The arterial supply to the camel’s hind foot was the A. digitalis plantaris communis III. The angiography render volume 3D of CT explained the blood supply of the bones and joints of digital regions and showed a good visualization of the many digit arteries. The metatarsals, the phalanges, and the sesamoid bones were visualized. A. plantaris medialis superficialis, A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris communis II and IV, A. interdigitalis, rami articularis medialis and lateralis to the fetlock joint, ramus medialis and ramus lateralis of the A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV abaxialis, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV axialis, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the first phalanx, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the second and third phalanges, and A. metatarsae plantaris III were visualized. The study discovered new blood vessel sources in dromedary camels, such as the ramus articularis to the fetlock and the ramus plantaris phalangis abaxialis proximalis and distalis of the first phalanx. Conclusions The digital circulation angiography investigates the circulatory pattern of the camel hind digit, which can assist clinicians in diagnosing digit region affections. 3D CT explained improved visualization of bones and arteries, including many small branches in relation to surrounding structures, in some views better than others.

CT reconstruction based 3D model of the digital cushion’s blood supply in the hind foot of an African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana)

“…No further dorsal digital arteries were found. This can be the result of insufficient filling of the vessels, but in such cases, traces or short stumps are usually present ( 44 ). Therefore, it is more likely that digits I and V are fully supplied from the plantar direction just like the abaxial sides of digits II and IV.…”

Arthrocentesis approaches to the phalangeal joints of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

“…However, a significant number of publications on equine and bovine joint anatomy, lameness, joint health, diagnostics, and treatment have been published 2 , 16 , 17 . However, the distinct anatomical structure of the phalangeal joints of dromedaries 5 – 8 , 15 , 18 presents a challenge when comparing the patterns of lameness and arthrocentesis techniques commonly observed and utilized in bovines and equines to those employed in camels. This comparison is essential to understand the unique aspects of lameness in dromedaries, particularly before and after intra-articular blocks 4 , 12 .…”

“…The investigation and diagnosis of affected joints are supported by scanning methods such as computed tomography (CT), 3D rendering, and ultrasonography 18 , 19 , 23 , 25 . A reference database of non-pathological images is of paramount importance to serve as a basis for comparison when viewing scans of affected joints 26 .…”