5-Dodecanolide, a Compound Isolated from Pig Lard, Presents Powerful Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Abstract

Background: Pork lard (PL) is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory agent. We propose to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory properties of PL, and elucidate which compounds could be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. Methods: The anti-inflammatory effects of PL were tested in a rat model of zymosan-induced hind paw inflammation. Further, the hydroalcoholic extract from PL was obtained, the composition analyzed, and the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and isolated components assayed using immune cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: Applying the ointment on the inflamed rat feet reduced the foot diameter, foot weight, and activities of antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory markers of circulating neutrophils. The main components of the hydroalcoholic extract were 5-dodecanolide, oleamide, hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanamide, and resolvin D1. Conclusions: PL reduces the immune response in an animal model stimulated with zymosan. Hydroalcoholic PL extract and its components (5-Dodecanolide, Oleamide, and Resolvin D1) exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated neutrophils and peripheral mononuclear cells reducing the capability to produce TNFα, as well as the activities of antioxidant and pro-inflammatory enzymes. These effects are attributable to 5-dodecanolide, although the effects of this compound alone do not reach the magnitude of the anti-inflammatory effects observed by the complete hydroalcoholic extract.

An updated overview of anticancer effects of alternariol and its derivatives: underlying molecular mechanisms

“…MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is vital for the adaptation of the cell to stress and its activation is highly involved in the inflammation process ( Motyka et al, 2023 ; Prasher et al, 2023 ). The cell inflammation induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a series of signaling pathways including MAPK and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) ( Li et al, 2016 ; Capó et al, 2021 ; Pezzani et al, 2023 ). MAPKs are involved in the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38 which regulate the expression of MSK 1/2 and then p65 ( Xie et al, 2019 ; Garzoli et al, 2022 ; Li et al, 2023 ).…”

Hepatitis C Virus Infection Upregulates Plasma Phosphosphingolipids and Endocannabinoids and Downregulates Lysophosphoinositols

“…Dodecanamide has been reported as an intracellular metabolite in MCF-7 cells after doxorubicin-induced cell death [ 38 ] and with diminished levels in the serum of acute myeloid leukemia patients who responded well to chemotherapy with cytarabine plus anthracycline [ 39 ]. There exist more extensive studies in the literature on palmitamide, palmitoleamide, stearamide, oleamide, and linoleamide [ 37 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], but none in relation to HCV and the liver, with the exception of oleamide in our earlier metabolomics report on HCV-infected patients [ 28 ]. Therefore, our description of these seven FAAs elevated due to HCV infection is novel, which is additionally supported by our observation that the FAA catabolic enzyme FAAH2 showed a 40% decrease ( p = 0.03) in mRNA expression due to HCV.…”

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“…Nahuoic acid A (29), oleamide (37), erucamide (52), oligomycin C (78), and plakevulin A (101) are known as inhibitors of different enzymes [52][53][54][55]. Some of identified compounds (17,18,34,37,41,59, and 111) are characterized by anti-inflammatory or antimalarial properties [42,43,49,[56][57][58].…”