9. Can “Law” Be Private? The Mixed Message of Rabbinic Oral Law

Dohrmann, Natalie B.

doi:10.1515/9783110367034.187

Cited by 31 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…To this end, we use Volclay SPV as a popular clay mineral for geo-engineering (e.g., Studds et al, 1998). The batch of Volclay SPV used in this study has been well characterized by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) (Dohrmann, 2020). Table 1 shows the mineralogical composition.…”

Section: Fluid and Clay Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large fraction of Na 2 O reflects the fact that most of the exchangeable cations are Na + . The total CEC was determined via the X-ray diffraction method as 88.1 cmol c /kg (Dohrmann, 2020) as a sum of different exchangeable ions in terms of their mass fraction. These constituents comprise sodium (64.4 cmolc/kg), potassium (1.6 cmol c /kg), magnesium (4.1 cmol c /kg) and calcium (18.0 cmol c /kg).…”

Section: Fluid and Clay Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The grain size distribution was determined using X-ray granulometry (Micromeritics SediGraph 5100). As desired, the majority of the grains (>87%) has a diameter smaller than 2 µm and only 5% of the grains are larger than 20 µm (Dohrmann, 2020). For our analysis, we will use clay suspensions with a concentration of 4, 6, and 8 ppt, respectively (ppt in parts per thousand as the mass fraction) which corresponds to the semidilute regime (Zhu et al, 2018;Adachi et al, 2020;Ghazali et al, 2020).…”

Section: Fluid and Clay Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the standard hydrometer analysis, a bulk settling velocity of 0.0105 cm/s was determined following the methodology described in Section 2.3. Furthermore, we can determine the grain size distribution from this analysis to compare it to the granulometry analysis provided by the BGR (Dohrmann, 2020). Based on the chosen time intervals for the reading, the standard hydrometer analysis yields 85% grains smaller than 2 μm, 4% of the grains within the range 2-6.3 µm, 4% of the grains within the range 6.3-20, and 7% larger than 20 µm.…”

Section: Hydrometer Analysis To Determine the Equivalent Floc Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mineralogical composition of the bentonite used in this study. The mass fractions were determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis(Dohrmann, 2020) following the procedure byDohrmann et al (2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Impact of the Salt Concentration and Biophysical Cohesion on the Settling Behavior of Bentonites

Krahl¹,

Vowinckel²,

et al. 2022

Front. Earth Sci.

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The flocculation behavior of clay minerals in aquatic environments is an important process in estuarine and riverine dynamics, where strong gradients in salinity can locally occur. Various contradicting observations have been reported in the literature on the impact of salt concentration on the settling process of cohesive sediments. To address this issue in a systematic manner, we investigate the settling behavior of clay minerals as a function of the salt concentration of the ambient water. Specifically, we focus on montmorillonite as a prototype clay mineral with a high cation exchange capacity (CEC). To this end, we study suspensions of Wyoming bentonite (Volclay SPV) as a very important constituent for many constructional and industrial purposes. We perform an experimental campaign to study the settling behavior of moderately turbid montmorillonite concentrations in monovalent salt solutions with different salinities (sodium chloride) to represent different environments ranging from deionized to ocean water, respectively. The subsequent settling process was monitored by taking pictures by a camera in regular time intervals over a total observation time up to 48 h. In addition, a modified hydrometer analysis is conducted to determine the grain size distribution (in terms of an equivalent diameter) of the flocculated clay suspension in salt water. Despite the rather high cation exchange capacity of the investigated clay (CEC=88.1), our results show that the settling speed drastically increases within a range of 0.6–1.0 PSU and stays approximately constant for higher salinities. This critical salt concentration is defined here as the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) and lies well below the salinity of natural open water bodies. The hydrometer analysis revealed that 60% of the agglomerates exceed the equivalent grain size of 20 μm. Finally, the findings of this study are supplemented with experiments studying the effect of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) on the flocculation behavior of bentonite in salt water. Our results demonstrate that salinity is the original trigger for flocculation, whereas EPS allows for even larger floc size but it does not play a significant role for the settling processes of bentonite in estuarine environments.

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Section: Fluid and Clay Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fluid and Clay Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%