Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my project supervisor, Professor Do Manh Anh, for his caring supervision and constructive criticism. What I have learnt from him is far beyond the scope of academic research. His optimistic character, unyielding will and foresight form the key to success. It is an invaluable experience to have been with Professor Do in the past 2 years. I am also very grateful to those kind and talented professors in the division of circuits and systems, especially Professor Ma Jian-Guo and Professor Yeo Kiat-Seng, for their helpful guidance and discussions during the project. I also like to give special thanks to the technical staff in IC Design Lab I, II, III, and Centre for Integrated Circuits and Systems (CICS), for their help during the implementation of the project. Many thanks go to other staff and students, Yan Guoqiang,