A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: A conceptual framework and five validation studies.

Depue, Richard A.; Slater, Judith; Wolfstetter-Kausch, Heidi; Klein, Daniel N.; Goplerud, Eric; Farr, David F.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.90.5.381

Cited by 358 publications

(425 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Thus our findings support Depue's Behavioural Activation theory (BAS) theory of bipolar disorder (Depue et al 1981). An alternative explanation is that the euthymic bipolar subjects started from a lower baseline and consequently had more scope for mood elevation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

A pilot study of positive mood induction in euthymic bipolar subjects compared with healthy controls

et al. 2006

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Background. Demonstrating differences between euthymic bipolar subjects and healthy controls in response to positive (happy) mood induction may help elucidate how mania evolves. This pilot study evaluates the Go task in a reward paradigm as a method for inducing a happy mood state and compares the response of euthymic bipolar subjects and healthy controls.Method. The Sense of Hyperpositive Self Scale, the Tellegen positive and negative adjectives, the Global-Local task and a visual analogue scale for measuring positive affect were administered to 15 euthymic bipolar subjects and 19 age-and-sex-matched healthy control subjects before and after they had performed the Go task in a reward paradigm.Results. Significant differences were found between subjects and controls on several measures at each time-point but there were no differences across the groups across time except for the visual analogue scales, where subjects had a more sustained duration in self-reported happiness compared with controls.Conclusions. This pilot study has shown that a positive affect can be induced in bipolar subjects and controls which can be demonstrated by changes in scores on several tasks. However, only the visual analogue scales showed a significant difference between cases and controls over time. Such tests may prove valuable in furthering understanding about the evolution of manic mood states.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

A pilot study of positive mood induction in euthymic bipolar subjects compared with healthy controls

et al. 2006

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“…The GBI was developed (Depue et al, 1981) to serve as an efficient first-stage case identification procedure for identifying individuals with cyclothymia who are at high risk for developing a more severe bipolar condition. The revised GBI contains 73 items that assess core bipolar experiences and their intensity, duration, and frequency on two subscales: the GBI-D and GBI-HB.…”

Section: Gbimentioning

confidence: 99%

A goal-striving life event and the onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms: Perspective from the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) dysregulation theory.

Nusslock¹,

Abramson²,

Harmon‐Jones³

et al. 2007

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

130

103

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On the basis of the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory of bipolar disorder, this study examined the relation between occurrence of a BAS activation-relevant life event-goal striving-and onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms. In particular, the authors examined the relation between preparing for and completing final exams (a goal-striving event) and onset of bipolar spectrum episodes and symptoms in college students with bipolar II disorder or cyclothymia (i.e., "soft" bipolar spectrum conditions). One hundred fifty-nine individuals with either a bipolar spectrum disorder (n ϭ 68) or no major affective psychopathology (controls; n ϭ 91) were further classified on the basis of whether they were college students (i.e., completed final exams). Consistent with the BAS dysregulation theory, preparing for and completing final exams was associated with an increase in hypomanic but not depressive episodes and symptoms in individuals with a soft bipolar spectrum diagnosis. Furthermore, self-reported BAS sensitivity moderated the presence of certain hypomanic symptoms during final exams.

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“…Some researchers, however, assessed high-risk samples to study mechanisms related to life event effects. In high-risk studies, two self-administered scales have been used to identify individuals at risk for bipolar disorder, the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS; Eckblad & Chapman, 1986) and the General Behavior Inventory (GBI; Depue et al, 1981). Both scales have been shown to have relatively high sensitivity and specificity for clinical diagnoses of bipolar spectrum disorders, concurrently and in follow-up studies (Altman, 2003).…”

Section: Sample Definition In Studies Of Life Events and Bipolar Disomentioning

confidence: 99%

Life events in bipolar disorder: Towards more specific models

Johnson

2005

Clinical Psychology Review

182

167

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This article reviews the evidence concerning life events as a predictor of symptoms within bipolar disorder. First, key methodological issues in this area are described, and criteria used for including studies in this review are defined. Then findings that negative life events predict worse outcomes within bipolar disorder are reviewed. Beyond general studies on relapse, it is important to differentiate predictors of depression from predictors of mania. When severe negative life events occur, they appear to trigger increases in bipolar depression. Nonetheless, many depressions are unrelated to negative life events and appear to be triggered by other variables. The strongest evidence suggests that negative life events do not trigger mania, except perhaps in certain contexts. Retrospective findings for schedule-disrupting life events as a trigger for manic symptoms await further assessment within a longitudinal study. Life events involving goal attainment do appear to trigger manic symptoms. Overall, it is time to differentiate among specific types of life events, as these different forms of events point towards mechanisms linking stressors with symptom expression. These mechanisms provide clues into ways to integrate the social environment with biological vulnerability (see Bipolar disorder is clearly a biological disorder. Nonetheless, over the past 15 years, a wealth of research has made it abundantly clear that psychosocial variables shape outcomes of this disorder. Much of this psychosocial research has focused on whether life events predict the timing and severity of symptoms within this disorder. This paper reviews the evidence that life events are related to symptom expression within bipolar disorder. This basic question has challenged researchers for over 20 years. Given the growing literature, this paper focus on addressing two more specific questions. Which types of symptoms are related to life events? What types of life events influence symptoms? Given the growing number of studies available on these issues, this review will focus on those studies with the most rigorous methodologies. To set the stage for this endeavor, it is important to first review the major methodological issues in research on life events and bipolar disorder, including issues related to design, measurement, and sampling.

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A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: A conceptual framework and five validation studies.

Cited by 358 publications

References 42 publications

A pilot study of positive mood induction in euthymic bipolar subjects compared with healthy controls

A pilot study of positive mood induction in euthymic bipolar subjects compared with healthy controls

A goal-striving life event and the onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms: Perspective from the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) dysregulation theory.

Life events in bipolar disorder: Towards more specific models

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