“…For instance, in the pioneering work by Grigg 4 and Watanabe, 5 transition metal catalysts were used for the N -alkylation of amines at high temperature (>100 °C). Subsequently, researchers have successively developed various catalytic systems, among which transition metals play an important role, for instance, transition metals Ir, 6 Ru, 7 Au, 8 Pd, 9 Fe, 10 Ni, 11 and Cu 12 are widely used due to their good catalytic properties ( Scheme 1 ). However, the metal residue limits their application in pharmaceutical intermediates.…”