A bivariate relative poverty line for leisure time and income poverty: Detecting intersectional differences using distributional copulas

Abstract

Empirical research on poverty today often goes beyond a focus on income to consider other dimensions of well‐being. However, relatively few multidimensional poverty measures explicitly consider time‐use, despite its particular relevance to women's double burden of paid and unpaid work. We construct a bivariate relative poverty line between income and leisure, based on their joint distribution in the population. Because the strength of the dependence between income and leisure influences the vulnerability to poverty, we incorporate distributional regression into copula models. Utilizing the 2018 Mexican National Survey of Households, Income and Expenses, we investigate differences in bidimensional poverty with respect to gender and ethnicity. We find that the fraction defined as bidimensional poor is 18 percent points higher than the poverty rate computed from separate time and income measures. Those below the relative but above the absolute poverty line are primarily non‐indigenous women whose poverty is made visible by our approach.

Predictors of income level: A sociodemographic, social and contextual analysis

“…Higher social classes provide advantages in career opportunities, networking, and nancial privileges. This highlights education's role in economic outcomes, suggesting it contributes to upward mobility (Dorn et al 2023). However, income-social class ties indicate systemic issues in social strati cation, emphasizing the need for comprehensive efforts to address disparities and enhance societal inclusivity.…”

“…Lifestyle and leisure activities are also affected, as higher incomes enable participation in recreational activities, hobbies, and travel. The affordability of cultural events, entertainment, and leisure pursuits is likewise in uenced by income (Dorn et al 2023;Li et al 2019).…”

Care Data Infrastructure: A U.S. Case Study

“…These threshold effects have been highlighted in analyses of time/income poverty (Vickery 1977; Harvey and Mukhopadhyay 2007; Zacharias 2011). Yet these approaches specify only a minimum level of unpaid work necessary to meet or rise above the money poverty living standard and do not consider the possibility (implicit in the concept of extended household income) that unpaid work beyond that level could partially compensate for inadequate money income (Dorn and Folbre 2022). Also, they tend to provide only a single‐day snapshot.…”