“…For a comprehensive overview of the VRPs, we refer the reader to Toth and Vigo (2002), Golden et al (2008), Eksioglu et al (2009), and Braekers et al (2016). According to the numbers of existing articles in the literature, the most representative VRP variants include the VRP with time windows (Solomon, 1987;Bräysy and Gendreau, 2005a;2005b), location routing problem (Nagy and Salhi, 2007;Prodhon and Prins, 2014;Schneider and Drexl, 2017), dial-a-ride problem (Cordeau and Laporte, 2007;Liu et al, 2015;Ho et al, 2018;Luo et al, 2019), two-echelon capacitated VRP (Perboli et al, 2011;Baldacci et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2018), pickup and delivery problem (Savelsbergh and Sol, 1995;Nagy et al, 2015), arc routing problem (Dror, 2000;Corberán and Prins, 2010;Yu et al, 2019a), periodic vehicle routing problem (Zhang et al, 2013;Campbell and Wilson, 2014;Luo et al, 2015), and split delivery VRP (Desaulniers, 2010;Archetti and Speranza, 2012;Luo et al, 2017).…”