“…This mild alkalinity in seawater results from the hydrolysis of weakly acidic anions, typically yielding a pH range of 7.5 to 8.5. 40 Seawater contains many coexisting metal ions, including Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and other alkali earth metal ions. In addition, high concentration of anions such as Cl À ions is another characteristic of seawater.…”